1. Physics 218 Lecture 7
Dr. David Toback
Physics 218, Lecture VII

2. Before we begin Exam 1 Next Tuesday Only on topics through Chapter 4
Homework and the Mini-practice Exam
When you have 100% on all of them you will have access to a mini-practice exam
Get a 100% on the mini-practice exam BEFORE the in-class exam, get 5 bonus points
Mini-practice exam is the right way to study!
Physics 218, Lecture VII

3. Checklist for Today Things that were due last Thursday:
Chapter 4 reading
Things that are due yesterday (Monday):
WebCT Prelim, Math Quizzes, Ch.2 HW
Things that are due today:
Reading for Chapter 5
For this week and/or due next Monday:
Read Chapter 6 for Thursday
Recitation: Probs from Chap 3&4
Lab 3
All Ch3&4 problems on WebCT due Monday
Physics 218, Lecture VII

4. Chapters 5 & 6 3 Lectures for Chapters 5 & 6: One lecture on Chapter 5
One lecture on problem solving
Lecture Reading Assignments
Chap 5 due today
Chap 6 due Thursday
Today’s lecture not on the exam
Physics 218, Lecture VII

5. Overview of Chapter 5 Where we’re going and why Force
Dynamics vs. Kinematics
Force
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Normal Force
Example problems
Note: It’s important to be good at 2-Dimensional motion at this point
Physics 218, Lecture VII

6. Physics 218, Lecture VII

7. Where we’re going and why
Moving from: “How things move” Kinematics
To: “Why things move that way” Dynamics
Why do you care? Different questions:
Old: What acceleration do you need to go from 0 to 60mi/hr in 6 sec?
New: How much force does your car engine need to exert to do it?
Use all the kinematics, vectors and calculus from Chapters 1-4
Plan: Do the concepts, then do the problems
Physics 218, Lecture VII

8. Newton’s Laws
You shouldn’t memorize them, rather you need to be able to understand and use them
Don’t write them down from the overheads, they’re in your book.
We’re going to translate them into English
Big picture:
Force
Physics 218, Lecture VII

9. First Concept What is a Force? Examples: Push Pull Slap Gravity
Others?
Physics 218, Lecture VII

10. Newton’s First Law
“Every body continues in it’s state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a non-zero net force”
Physics 218, Lecture VII

11. Translate that into English: Force
To cause an acceleration (change the velocity) requires a Force or
If there is an acceleration, there must be a net Force
Force is a Vector
Add up all the forces (vectors) to find the Net (or total) force
Physics 218, Lecture VII

12. Newton’s First Law Example of non-zero net forces:
Friction: Makes a moving block a slow down
Gravity: Makes a ball fall toward the earth
Example of zero net force
Car just sitting on the pavement
No velocity, no acceleration→no net force
Rocket ship in outer space
Nothing to slow it down → constant velocity → no net force
Physics 218, Lecture VII

13. Newton’s Second Law
“The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force action on the object”
Physics 218, Lecture VII

14. Translate: Newton’s Second Law
The acceleration is in the SAME direction as the NET FORCE
This is a VECTOR equation
If I have a force, what is my acceleration?
More force → more acceleration
More mass → less acceleration
Physics 218, Lecture VII

15. Force to stop a car
You are a car designer. You must develop a new braking system that provides a constant deceleration.
What constant net force is required to bring a car of mass m to rest from a speed of V within a distance of D?
V0 = V VF = 0
X0 = XF = D
Physics 218, Lecture VII

16. Getting to Newton’s Third Law
How does one apply a force?
Applying a force requires another object!
A hammer exerts a force on a nail
Physics 218, Lecture VII

17. “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
Newton’s Third Law
“Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal and opposite force” OR
“To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
Physics 218, Lecture VII

18. Skater Skater pushes on a wall The wall pushes back
Equal and opposite force
The push from the wall is a force
Force provides an acceleration
She flies off with some non-zero speed
Physics 218, Lecture VII

19. Walking
When you walk you push on the ground and the ground PUSHES you forward
Equal and opposite force
Physics 218, Lecture VII

20. Normal Force Consider a pen sitting on a table:
Is the force of gravity acting on it?
Is the pen accelerating?
What is the Force? What is the difference between a force and the Net Force
What keeps the pen from accelerating?
Clearly, there is a second force that keeps it from accelerating
Call this the “normal” force!
Physics 218, Lecture VII

21. Moving towards Problems
Done with the concepts for this chapter
Overheard…
“I understand the concepts, but I can’t do the problems”
Sigh… No exam points for “concepts you can’t apply”
Physics 218, Lecture VII

22. Free Body Diagrams Same tricks as in Chapters 1-4:
Draw a diagram: Draw each force on an object separately! Force diagram!
Break each force into its X and Y-components, THEN sum!!!
Show your TA that you know the difference between a force, and a component of force
GREAT way to pick up partial credit
Physics 218, Lecture VII

23. Pulling a box
A box with mass m is pulled along a frictionless horizontal surface with a force FP at angle Q as given in the figure. Assume it does not leave the surface.
What is the acceleration of the box?
What is the normal force? FP Q
Physics 218, Lecture VII

24. 2 boxes connected with a string
Two boxes with masses m1 and m2 are placed on a frictionless horizontal surface and pulled with a Force FP. Assume the string between doesn’t stretch and is massless.
What is the acceleration of the boxes?
What is the tension of the strings between the boxes? M2 M1
Physics 218, Lecture VII

25. Rest of This Week Recitation: Problems from Chapters 3 and 4
Lab: Tensile Strength
Reading for Thursday:
Read Chapter 6: More on force and friction
HW3&4: Due Monday
Are you ready for Exam 1 next Tuesday?
Use WebCT to study!
Get perfect scores on all Math and HW1-HW4 WebCT mini-practice exam becomes available
Get a 100 on it BEFORE Tuesday’s exam and I’ll give you 5 bonus points on the exam
Physics 218, Lecture VII

26. End of Lecture Notes
Physics 218, Lecture VII

27. The weight of a box
A box with mass m is resting on a smooth (frictionless) horizontal table.
What is the normal force on the box?
Push down on it with a force of FP. Now, what is the normal force?
Pull up on it with a force of FP such that it is still sitting on the table. What is the normal force?
Pull up on it with a force such that it leaves the table and starts rising. What is the normal force? FP
Physics 218, Lecture VII

28. Atwood Machine
Two boxes with masses m1 and m2 are placed around a pulley with m2 >m1
What is the acceleration of the boxes?
What is the tension of the strings between the boxes?
Ignore the mass of the pulley, rope and any friction. Assume the rope doesn’t stretch.
Physics 218, Lecture VII

29. How to study for the exam
Do all the HW problems
4 Problems. Dominated by Chapter 3, almost nothing from Chapter 1.
Make sure you can do all the HW problems easily and by yourself with no numbers
Concentrate on the “hardest” problems. Those will be the most like the ones on the exam.
Physics 218, Lecture VII

30. Force to accelerate a fast car
Example 1
Force to accelerate a fast car
Estimate the net force needed to accelerate a 1000kg car at ½g
Physics 218, Lecture VII

31. Hockey Puck
Which of these three best represents a hockey puck in the real world?
Physics 218, Lecture VII

32. Example 4-16
Physics 218, Lecture VII

33. Before we begin Exam Thursday Today’s lecture not on the exam
Formula sheet to be passed out is already on web
Here at 8:00AM
Only on topics through Chapter 3 on Syllabus
Not circular motion!
Today’s lecture not on the exam
However, I’ll try to make it a good review
Physics 218, Lecture VII

34. Mass vs. Weight Mass is a property of the body
Aside: What is mass is a fundamental question at the forefront of physics today. Particle physics! String theory!
Weight is a Force and depends on the mass
What is the difference between:
Your mass on the moon and the earth?
Your weight on the moon and the earth?
Your weight in a space ship and the earth?
Physics 218, Lecture VII

35. Next Time Finish HW 3 to study for Exam Labs/Rec/Web quizzes as usual
Exam Thursday: Here during regular time
Bring a calculator and ruler
Formula sheet will be provided (same as on the web)
Will cover:
Chapter 1 (1-6)
Calculus 1
Chapter 2 (1-7)
Chapter 3 (1-8, 10)
Finish HW 3 to study for Exam
Labs/Rec/Web quizzes as usual
Physics 218, Lecture VII