1. Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Glennys R. Farrar Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University

2. 19121912 Hess discovered cosmic rays – hot air balloon 19271927 Cosmic rays seen in cloud chamber 19321932 Anderson discovered antimatter (positron); Debate over cosmic rays 19371937 Discovery of muon 19381938 Auger discovered extensive air showers 19461946 First air shower experiments; Discovery of pion and kaons 19491949 Fermi's theory of cosmic rays 19621962 First 10 20 eV cosmic ray detected 19661966 Proposal of GZK cutoff energy for cosmic rays 19911991 Fly's Eye detected highest-energy cosmic ray 19941994 AGASA high-energy event 19951995 Pierre Auger Project begun – to be completed 2005 2002 HiRes and AGASA Debate the GZK cutoff A Timeline History of High-Energy Cosmic Rays

3. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU3 An Ultrahigh Energy Shower First interaction: p + 14 N -> thousands of secondary particles, such as:  p +, p -, p 0, K +-0, L, S, p, n,... Subsequent interactinos:  p +- + air nucleus -> ~ few hundred particles OR  p +- -> m +- n m  p 0 -> g g  g initiates an electromagnetic cascade, producing e +- and more g ’s

4. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU4 Some Types of Cosmic Particles Atomic nuclei: protons and neutrons. E.g., 12 C is composed of 6 p and 6 n. Protons: the hydrogen atom is 1 p and 1 e - Neutrons: decay into a proton via the reaction n -> p e - n e with a lifetime t ~ 10 3 sec. Electrons and positrons: e - and e +. Quanta of light: photons or gammas ( g)

5. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU5 Cosmic Ray Energies A standard unit for elementary particle energies is the “electron Volt” – eV. 1 eV is the kinetic energy of 1 electron moved through a potential of 1 Volt. Ultra-high energy cosmic particles have energies greater than ~ 10 19 eV. 1 MeV = 1 Mega eV = 10 6 eV 1 GeV = 1 Giga eV = 10 9 eV 1 TeV = 1 Tera eV = 10 12 eV

6. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU6 Some Terminology Flux: the amount of something arriving in one unit of area (e.g., 1 m 2 ) in one unit of time (e.g., 1 sec). Spectrum: A plot showing the amount of something, as a function of energy. In the next slide, the “something” is the number of particles in one bin of energy.

7. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU7 Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum In this spectrum, the Log of the flux in one unit of angle (sr) is plotted versus the Log of the energy. A sphere has 4 p steradian. The CR spectrum falls rapidly as energy increases: dN/dE ~E -3

8. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU8 Problems 1.From the graphed spectrum, find a more exact value of the exponent p, in the expression flux ~ E -p. (Hint: take the Log of this formula). 2.Approximately how many events of energy above 10 19 eV would we expect to see per year of full-time data-taking with the NYSCPT if its area is 100 km 2 ?

9. Hajo Drescher’s Shower Simulations 10 19 eV proton primary Horizontal grid units = 1 km Vertical box = 30 km Heavy thinning for r < 30 m e +, e -, g, m, hadrons

10. Vertical shower, 5:1 aspect ratio

11. Inclined Shower, 1:1 aspect ratio

12. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU12 Electromagnetic Component

13. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU13 Muons

14. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU14 Hadronic component (neutrons)

15. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU15 Two Types of Cosmic Ray Detectors Ground Shower Array (AGASA, Auger, NYSCPT) –Large area because of low flux (1/ km 2 / century > 10 20 eV) –Collects data day and night, any weather –Measures direction by arrival times across array –Relies on modeling of shower to infer energy and primary type Air Fluorescence (HiRes, Auger) –10% duty cycle (clear, moonless nights…) –Difficult to calibrate –Insensitive to atmospheric shower modeling

16. AGASA AUGER 2005

17. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU17 AGASA Photos

18. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU18 Greisen Zatsepin Kuzmin Cutoff Ultra-high energy protons above ~ 10 20 electron Volts (~10 Joules!) Collide with low energy Cosmic Microwave Background photons (400 / cm 3 ) p +  p +  Pion takes energy from the initial proton => energy of a UHE proton degrades in ~ 100 Million light years (nearby in cosmic terms! – visible universe is about 10 billion light years across)

19. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU19 AGASA Doesn’t See the Predicted GZK Cutoff! Dotted line: expected spectrum at Earth if sources are uniformly distributed throughout the Universe and UHECP Energy is degraded as predicted by GZK. Will HiRes confirm absence of “GZK cutoff”? If so, what is going on????

20. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU20 Important Science Goals of a UHECP Telescope Good energy resolution (~ 10 % ?) –AGASA, HiRes, Auger ~ 30 % –Structure in energy spectrum will elucidate source. Good angular resolution (0.1 degree ?) –Identify sources –Determine the magnetic field in our galactic halo and between (only possible with good energy resolution) Detailed information on shower structure (e.g., arrival time) –Validate model of atmospheric shower –Improve determination of primary energy and type

21. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU21 Cutting Edge UHE Cosmic Particle Telescope in New York City What design? –Ground Array (no need for expensive Air Fluorescence because Auger will cross calibrate techniques). –For better resolution : closer spacing than AGASA, much closer than Auger -- being simulated now. How large an area? –Best large (1000 km 2 ), for more statistics. –Useful smaller (100 km 2 ), because of high resolution and detailed shower information. –Can start “small” and improve. “Flash ADC” and high resolution => NYSCPT will be a premier Air Shower Array, even with just 100 detectors.

22. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU22 New York City: ~10 times the area of AGASA and ~ 350 High Schools

23. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU23 A Plan Deployment staged over three years. –Stage I: Core group of HS teachers and students (“masters”) collaborate with physicists to build and use prototype detectors and develop curriculum. (NYSCPT Summer Institute, Aug. 9-23, 2002). –Stage II: Second group of teachers (~ 10 per master teacher?) will be engaged; including most public, private and parochial high schools –Stage III: Include remaining schools; deploy additional non- school-based detectors (roofs of homes, libraries, apartment buildings). Expand to middle schools? Beyond city limits?

24. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU24 Timetable Summer 2002: –10 HS teachers with 18 students –2 week Institute: build prototype detectors, work on initial curriculum ideas AY 02-03: –Operate 10 detector systems; initial science analyses. –Complete simulations and finalize the design. –Investigate issues with non-school detectors. –Refine and extend curriculum materials. Summer 2003 + AY03-04: –Build, deploy, and operate ~ 100 detectors –First scientific results Summer 2004 + AY04-05: –Build, deploy, and operate ~ 1000+ detectors –Major scientific results

25. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU25 Serious Contributors to the Effort so far: Scientists: –Faculty: Glennys Farrar (NYU), Reshmi Mukherjee (Barnard), Stefan Westerhoff (Columbia) –“Expert Consultants”: M. Teshima (AGASA), P. Sokolsky and L. Weincke (HiRes), Brian Fick (Auger), D. Hanna (STACEE) –Postdoc: Hajo Drescher (NYU -- simulation) –Grad students: Britt Reichborn-Kjennerud, Doug Bramel, Segev Benzi, Andy O’Neill –Undergrad: Dietrech Washington Educators: Wesley Pitts (CUNY Gateway to Learning) Supported by National Science Foundation, NYU, Columbia, Wolfram Research

26. 8/12/02G. R. Farrar, NYU26 Other Projects and Sources CROP (Nebraska) low resolution, large area http://www.unl.edu/physics/crop.html CHICOS (Los Angeles): low resolution, large area http:// www.chicos.caltech.edu/ NALTA: North American Large Area Time Coincidence Array http://csr.phys.ualberta.ca/nalta/ NYSCPT: high resolution; large area in Stage III http://www.physics.nyu.edu/NYSCPT