1. Alcohol, Youth, and Violence: the practical policy solutions for prevention Robert Nash Parker University of California

2. Alcohol and Violence: the nature of the relationship Violence is caused in part by alcohol Alcohol makes violence worse than it might be otherwise Alcohol control and regulation can be used to prevent Violence

3. The practical and the possible Research from “Alcohol and Violence: The nature of the relationship and the Possibility of Prevention” Look for this new book in 2010 Preview of several chapters today

4. Minimum Drinking Age US has a uniform 21 age minimum age of legal purchase In the 1970s, many US states had younger ages Late 1970s to mid 1980s, all states were encouraged (forced) to adopt 21 What was the impact on violence?

5. Increasing the minimum age of purchase and youth homicide Data for 49 states and DC, 1972-1993 Before and after critical period 1979-1984 First state enacted 21 (Minnesota); US Federal Government essentially forces 21 uniformity Broad consideration of predictors including: Taxes on Beer Increases in minimum age Prices of alcohol

6. Increasing the minimum age of purchase and youth homicide Results indicate: Minimum age increase prior to 1984 decreases youth homicide The Higher beer taxes, the lower youth homicide Despite rising youth homicide rates during the 1972-1993 period, evidence that alcohol policy can reduce youth violence

7. Availability of alcohol and youth violence Although alcohol is not supposed to be available to those under 21, youth are able to obtain with reliability in many communities Studies in US show that 55% to 80% of the time, youth are able to buy alcohol directly in retail establishments What would happen to youth violence if alcohol availability went down?

8. Availability of Alcohol and youth violence Three year study 1993-1995 in Small Northern California Community In the second year of the study, City decided to remove alcohol outlets in 6 neighborhoods (out of 35; 12 outlets closed) Youth violence measured from police data for offenders and victims, 12-24

9. Availability of Alcohol and youth Violence Natural experiment: Net of other factors, the places where availability was reduced had significantly lower rates of youth violence Causal effect powerfully demonstrated

10. Availability, Enforcement, and youth gang activity Minimum Age of purchase is also about enforcement as well as setting minimum age and availability Is enforcement a useful tool for prevention of youth violence? Tested the idea with gang violence, a most difficult target for policy intervention

11. Availability, Enforcement, and youth gang activity Using Pseudo-Under age buyer sting 21 years olds who look young Attempt to buy after an intervention Findings: Only 24% successful Neighborhoods with more successful buys had higher gang violence net of other predictors Conclusion: Enforcement of minimum purchase laws reduces even gang violence

12. Alcohol Advertising and a specific type of youth violence Similar study in another Northern California Community Why would the industry spend so much money on advertising if the only impact was to get adults to switch brands? They would not! Purpose: Secure New Drinkers!

13. Alcohol Advertising and a Specific Type of Youth Violence Measured the content of advertising in local retail outlets with trained observers Among the most common content: Sexually explicit, commodifying, and exploitative ads featuring women in provocative and near pornographic poses We measured assault and sexual assault, overall advertising and sexually explicit advertising rates

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17. Alcohol Advertising and a specific type of youth violence Findings: Controlling for relevant factors: Advertising in general did not impact assault or sexual assault Sexually explicit advertising raised the rate of sexual assault, but not other assaults These findings were net of overall outlet density; they were also ethnic specific More ads with Latina models, more Latina girls were sexually assaulted

18. Unintended Consequences: Alcohol prevention impacts violence Community Trials Study Conducted by the Prevention Research Center, Berkeley (PIRE) Led by Harold Holder, one of the world’s leading experts on Alcohol and Prevention Designed to impact drunk driving, pedestrian accidents, falls, burns, fires, etc: everything but violence Question: Did these multi faceted and coordinated interventions impact violence?

19. Unintended Consequences: Alcohol Prevention Impacts violence Time series analyses of all three experimental sites showed that: The timing of a number of different types of interventions led to lower violent crime rates 1 to 3 months later The volume of interventions reduced violent crime 2 to 3 months later

20. Alcohol, Violence, and Prevention Alcohol related violence can be prevented Existing regulations on Alcohol can be used to achieve substantial reductions Many of the interventions discussed here can be achieved with little or no expenditure of funds Why would Anyone be Opposed to this?

21. Finally: Look for a new book on alcohol and violence in 2010 Alcohol and Violence: The Nature of the Relationship and the Promise of Prevention Robert Nash Parker Email me, robnp@aol.com, for more informationrobnp@aol.com