1. © T. M. Whitmore Today Population distribution and the evolution of the USA urban system Some spatial patterns by race/ethnicity

2. © T. M. Whitmore Last Time -- QUESTIONS? NA immigration & settlement

3. © T. M. Whitmore Population distribution & evolution of USA urban system Stage I: pre-industrial (18 th C – 1860s)  Population/immigration Population/immigration  Migration/resettlement Migration/resettlement  Urban regions Urban regions  Urban land uses & morphology Urban land uses & morphology

4. © T. M. Whitmore Note these “periods” are slightly different from text

5. © T. M. Whitmore 2000 1790 1860 1920 1950

6. © T. M. Whitmore

8. Population distribution & evolution of USA urban system II Stage II: industrial revolution (1860s – 1930s)  Population/immigration Population/immigration  Migration/resettlement Migration/resettlement  Urban regions & increased urbanization Urban regions  Urban land uses & morphology Urban land uses & morphology

9. © T. M. Whitmore Note these “periods” are slightly different from text

12. © T. M. Whitmore 2000 1790 1860 1920 1950

13. © T. M. Whitmore Stage 2: 1860s-1930s Industrial Revolution

14. US Global Change Research Program

15. © T. M. Whitmore Stage 2: 1860s-1930s Industrial Revolution

16. © T. M. Whitmore Population distribution & evolution of USA urban system III Stage III: rise of the car (1930s – 1950s)  Population/immigration Population/immigration  Migration/resettlement Migration/resettlement  Urban regions & urbanization Urban regions  Urban land uses & morphology Urban land uses & morphology

17. © T. M. Whitmore Note these “periods” are slightly different from text

18. © T. M. Whitmore 2000 1790 1860 1920 1950

19. © T. M. Whitmore Stage 3: 1930s-1950s Rise of the Auto

20. The North American Megalopolis : - Home to ~45 million - Includes Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington DC and many smaller cities. - Why here?: access to Europe, deep harbors, and agricultural and mineral resources inland

21. US Global Change Research Program

22. © T. M. Whitmore Stage 3: 1930s-1950s Rise of the Auto

23. © T. M. Whitmore Population distribution & evolution of USA urban system IV Stage IV: Post-industrial (1950s –)  Population/immigration Population/immigration  Migration/resettlement Migration/resettlement  Urban regions Urban regions  Urban land uses & morphology Urban land uses & morphology

24. Note these “periods” are slightly different from text

25. © T. M. Whitmore 2000 1790 1860 1920 1950

26. US Global Change Research Program

27. © T. M. Whitmore 270 m

28. © T. M. Whitmore US Global Change Research Program Density: note higher densities in older northern metro areas Growth: note declines in northern metro areas and increases in southern metro areas and the southwest

29. Growth of the Sunbelt

31. © T. M. Whitmore 270 m

39. Photo by B. Burkhart

40. © T. M. Whitmore Changing national population distribution distribution Current immigration originsorigins  Spatial patterns of recent immigrationpatterns Ethnicity & Race

41. © T. M. Whitmore

43. 38 million foreign-born persons live in the US, 13% of the US population. US

44. Immigration rates to the US, 2001-05

45. ~9 million undocumented immigrants lived in the United States in 2000, 55% of whom were from Mexico. Illegal immigration has both positive or neutral impacts overall on the US economy. Negative impacts are most likely for the US-born poor.

46. Source: Population Reference Bureau analysis of the 2003 American Community Survey. Percent Foreign-Born by State, 2003

47. Whites will become a minority in the US in this century. US Total Fertility Rate: 2.09 US Population Growth Rate: 0.894%

49. © T. M. Whitmore

54. Urban racial segregation is ubiquitous in the US.

55. © T. M. Whitmore Poverty Share of Total Household Income (1998 Dollars)  1973  Lowest fifth: 4.3%  Highest fifth: 43.3%  2000  Lowest fifth – declining: 3.6%  Highest fifth – increasing: 49.6% (nearly 1/2 of all income to top 20%) Spatial patterns of poverty

56. © T. M. Whitmore