1. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-1 COS 346 Day 21

2. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-2 Agenda Assignment 9 Posted –Due April 23 –2 More to go Assignment 10 Posted –Due April 26 –1 more to go Quiz 2 Corrected –3 A’s, 2 B’s, 1 C and 1 D –There will only be 3 exams (3 @ 10% instead of 4 @ 7.5%) Last Capstone Progress Reports Due April 26 Today we will discuss –Managing databases with Oracle

3. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-3 End of days? (subject to change) April 19 –DP Chap 10 April 23 –DP Chap 12 –SQL Chap 11 –Assignment 9 due April 26 –DP Chapter 13 –Assignment 10 due April 30 –DP Chap 14 May 3 –DP Chap 15 –Review –Assignment 11 Due May 9 –Quiz 3 –10 AM –Capstone presentations

4. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-4 David M. Kroenke’s Chapter Ten: Managing Databases with Oracle Part One Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation

5. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-5 Introduction Oracle is the world’s most popular DBMS - It is a powerful and robust DBMS that runs on many different operating systems Oracle DBMS engine available is several versions:versions –The Personal Edition of Oracle is available with this text and can also be downloaded from Oracle Example of Oracle products: –SQL*Plus: a utility for processing SQL and creating components like stored procedures and triggers: PL/SQL is a programming language that adds programming constructs to the SQL language –Oracle Developer (Forms & Reports Builder) Also third-party products - Quest Software’s TOADQuest Software’s TOAD

6. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-6 View Ridge Gallery View Ridge Gallery is a small art gallery that has been in business for 30 years It sells contemporary European and North American fine art View Ridge has one owner, three salespeople, and two workers View Ridge owns all of the art that it sells; it holds no items on a consignment basis

7. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-7 Application Requirements View Ridge application requirements: –Track customers and their artist interests –Record gallery's purchases –Record customers' art purchases –List the artists and works that have appeared in the gallery –Report how fast an artist's works have sold and at what margin –Show current inventory in a Web page

8. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-8 View Ridge Gallery Database Design VRG-Answers.zip

9. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-9 Creating an Oracle Database Installing Oracle: –Install Oracle 9i Client to use an already created database –Install Oracle 9i Personal Edition to create your own databasesOracle 9i Personal Edition Three ways to create an Oracle database: –Via the Oracle Database Configuration Assistant –Via the Oracle-supplied database creation procedures –Via the SQL CREATE DATABASE command

10. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-10 Creating an Oracle Database: The Oracle Database Configuration Assistant

11. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-11 SQL*Plus Oracle SQL*Plus or the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console may be used to manage an Oracle database SQL*Plus is a text editor available in all Oracle Except inside quotation marks of strings, Oracle commands are case-insensitive The semicolon (;) terminates a SQL statement The right-leaning slash (/) executes SQL statement stored in Oracle buffer SQL*Plus can be used to: –Enter SQL statements –Submit SQL files created by text editors, e.g., notepad, to Oracle

12. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-12 SQL*Plus: Logging In to an Oracle Database

13. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-13 SQL*Plus: The SQL+Plus Window

14. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-14 SQL*Plus Buffer SQL*Plus keeps the current statements in a multi-line buffer without executing it LIST is used to see the contents of the buffer: –LIST {line_number} is used to change the current line CHANGE/astring/bstring/ is used to change the contents of the current line: –astring = the string you want to change –bstring = what you want to change it to Example: change/Table_Name/*/ –‘Table_Name’ is replaced with ‘*’

15. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-15 SQL*Plus Buffer

16. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-16 SQL*Plus LIST Command

17. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-17 SQL*Plus: Changing a Line in the Buffer

18. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-18 Creating Tables Some of the SQL-92 CREATE TABLE statements we have studied need to be modified for Oracle –Oracle does not support a CASCADE UPDATE constraint –Money or currency is defined in Oracle using the Numeric data type Oracle sequences must be used for surrogate keys The DESCRIBE or DESC command is used to view table status

19. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-19 Oracle Data Types

20. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-20 Oracle CREATE TABLE Statements for the View Ridge Schema

21. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-21 Oracle CREATE TABLE Statements for the View Ridge Schema

22. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-22 Oracle Sequences A sequence is an object that generates a sequential series of unique numbers: Create Sequence CustID Increment by 1 start with 1000; It is the best way to work with surrogate keys in Oracle Two sequence methods: –NextVal provides the next value in a sequence. –CurrVal provides the current value in a sequence. Using sequences does not guarantee valid surrogate key values because it is possible to have missing, duplicate, or wrong sequence value in the table

23. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-23 Using Sequences Creating a sequence: CREATE SEQUENCE CustID INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1000; Entering data using a sequence: INSERT INTO CUSTOMER (CustomerID, Name, AreaCode, PhoneNumber) VALUES( CustID.NextVal, 'Mary Jones', '350', '555–1234'); Retrieving the row just created: SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CustomerID = CustID.CurrVal;

24. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-24 The DROP and ALTER Statements SQL DROP statements may be used to remove structures from the database –DROP TABLE Command: Any data in the MYTABLE table will be lost DROP TABLE MyTable; –DROP SEQUENCE Command: DROP SEQUENCE MySequence; SQL ALTER statements may be used to drop (add) a column: ALTER TABLE MYTABLE DROP COLUMN MyColumn; ALTER TABLE MYTABLE ADD C1 NUMBER(4);

25. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-25 The TO_DATE Function Oracle requires dates in a particular format. TO_DATE function may be used to identify the format: TO_DATE('11/12/2002', 'MM/DD/YYYY') 11/12/2002 is the date value MM/DD/YYYY is the pattern to be used when interpreting the date The TO_DATE function can be used with the INSERT and UPDATE statements to enter data: INSERT INTO T1 VALUES( 100, TO_DATE ('01/05/02', 'DD/MM/YY');

26. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-26 Creating Indexes Indexes are created to: –Enforce uniqueness on columns –Facilitate sorting –Enable fast retrieval by column values Good candidates for indexes are columns that are frequently used with equal conditions in WHERE clause or in a join Examples: CREATE INDEX CustNameIdx ON CUSTOMER(Name); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX WorkUniqueIndex ON WORK(Title, Copy, ArtistID);

27. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-27 Restrictions On Column Modifications A column may be dropped at any time and all data will be lost A column may be added at any time as long as it is a NULL column To add a NOT NULL column: –Add a NULL column –Fill the new column in every row with data –Change its structure to NOT NULL: ALTER TABLE T1 MODIFY C1 NOT NULL;

28. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-28 Creating Views SQL-92 CREATE VIEW command can be used to create views in Oracle Unlike SQL-92, Oracle allows the ORDER BY clause in view definitions Oracle 9i and newer verions support the JOIN…ON syntax Example: CREATE VIEW CustomerInterests AS SELECT C.Name as Customer, A.Name as Artist FROM CUSTOMER C JOIN CUSTOMER_ARTIST_INT I ON C.CustomerID = I.CustomerID JOIN ARTIST A ON I.ArtistID = A.ArtistID;

29. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-29 Oracle Enterprise Manager Console The Oracle Enterprise Manager Console provides graphical facilities for managing an Oracle database The utility can be used to manage: –Database structures such as tables and views –User accounts, passwords, roles, and privileges The Manager Console includes a SQL scratchpad for executing SQL statements

30. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-30 Oracle Enterprise Manager Console

31. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-31 Oracle Enterprise Manager Console: ARTIST Columns and Properties

32. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-32 Oracle Enterprise Manager Console: Displaying the CustomerInterests View

33. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-33 David M. Kroenke’s Database Processing Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation (10 th Edition) End of Presentation: Chapter Ten Part One

34. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-34 David M. Kroenke’s Chapter Ten: Managing Databases with Oracle Part Two Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation

35. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-35 Application Logic Oracle database application can be processed using: –Programming language to invoke Oracle DBMS commands –Stored procedures –The SQL*Plus Start command to invoke database commands stored in.sql files –Triggers

36. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-36 Stored Procedures A stored procedure is a PL/SQL or Java program stored within the database Stored procedures are programs that can: –Have parameters –Invoke other procedures and functions –Return values –Raise exceptions A stored procedure must be compiled and stored in the database The Execute or Exec command is used to invoke a stored procedure: Exec Customer_Insert ( ' Michael Bench ', ' 203 ', ' 555-2014 ', ' US ' );

37. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-37 IN signifies an input parameter; OUT signifies an output parameter; IN OUT is used for parameters with both functions Variable are declared after the keyword AS

38. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-38 Triggers An Oracle trigger is a PL/SQL or Java procedures that is invoked when a specified database activity occurs Triggers can be used to: –Set default values –Enforce a Data Constraint –Update a view –Enforce referential integrity action –Handle exceptions

39. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-39 Triggers Trigger types: –A command trigger will be fired once per SQL command –A row trigger will be fired once for every row involved in the processing of a SQL command: There are three types of row triggers: BEFORE, AFTER, and INSTEAD OF BEFORE and AFTER triggers are placed on tables while INSTEAD OF triggers are placed on views Each trigger can be fired on INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE commands

40. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-40 This is a BEFORE trigger on INSERT on the table TRANSACTION. It is will set a default value on AskingPrice.

41. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-41 Triggers: Enforcing a Required Child Constraint There is an M-M relationship between WORK and TRANSACTION:

42. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-42 Triggers: Enforcing a Required Child Constraint The hard way using two triggers – this one enforces the required child:

43. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-43 Triggers: Enforcing a Required Child Constraint The hard way using two triggers – this one deletes any duplicate transaction:

44. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-44 Triggers: Enforcing a Required Child Constraint CREATE VIEW Work_Trans AS SELECT Title, Description, Copy, ArtistID, DateAcquired, AcquisitionPrice FROMWORK W JOIN TRANSACTION T ONW.WorkID = T.WorkID; A better way - Create the Work_Trans view:

45. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-45 Triggers: Enforcing a Required Child Constraint A better way using one trigger – this one works with the Work_Trans view:

46. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-46 The OracleData Dictionary Oracle maintains a data dictionary of metadata. The metadata of the dictionary itself are stored in the table DICT: SELECT Table_Name, Comments FROM DICT WHERE Table_Name LIKE ( ' %TABLES% ' ); USER_TABLES contains information about user or system tables: DESC USER_TABLES;

47. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-47 Example Oracle Metadata

48. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-48 Concurrency Control Oracle processes database changes by maintaining a System Change Number (SCN) –SCN is a database-wide value that is incremented by Oracle when database changes are made With SCN, SQL statements always read a consistent set of values; those that were committed at or before the time the statement was started Oracle only reads committed changes; it will never reads dirty data

49. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-49 Oracle Transaction Isolation

50. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-50 Oracle Security Oracle security components: –An ACCOUNT is a user account –A PROFILE is a set of system resource maximums that are assigned to an account –A SYSTEM PRIVILEGE is the right to perform a task –A ROLE consists of groups of PRIVILEGEs and other ROLEs

51. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-51 Account System Privileges Each ACCOUNT can be allocated many SYSTEM PRIVILEGEs and many ROLEs An ACCOUNT has all the PRIVILEGEs: –That have been assigned directly. –Of all of its ROLEs –Of all of its ROLEs that are inherited through ROLE connections A ROLE can have many SYSTEM PRIVILEGEs and it may also have a relationship to other ROLEs ROLEs simplify the administration of the database: –A set of privileges can be assigned to or removed from a ROLE just once

52. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-52 Account System Privileges: Privileges Granted to the System Account

53. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-53 Account Roles: Roles Granted to the System Account

54. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-54 Account Authentication Accounts can be authenticated by: –Passwords –The host operating system Password management can be specified via PROFILEs

55. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-55 Account Authentication: Password Authentication

56. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-56 Account Authentication: Password Management via a Profile

57. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-57 Oracle Recovery Facilities Three file types for Oracle recovery: –Datafiles contain user and system data –ReDo log files contain logs of database changes: OnLine ReDo files are maintained on disk and contain the rollback segments from recent database changes Offline or Archive ReDo files are backups of the OnLine ReDo files –Control files describe the name, contents, and locations of various files used by Oracle

58. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-58 Oracle Recovery Facilities Oracle can operate in either ARCHIVELOG or NOARCHIVELOG mode: –If running in ARCHIVELOG mode, Oracle logs all changes to the database –When the OnLine ReDo files fill up, they are copied to the Archive ReDo files The Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN) is a utility program used to create backups and to perform recovery.

59. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-59 Types of Failure Oracle recovery techniques depend on the type of failure: –An application failure due to application logic errors –An instance failure occurs when Oracle itself fails due to an operating system or computer hardware failure Oracle can recover from application and instance failure without using the archived log file –A media failure occurs when Oracle is unable to write to a physical file because of a disk failure or corrupted files The database is restored from a backup

60. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-60 Oracle Backup Facilities Two kinds of backups: –A consistent backup: Database activity must be stopped and all uncommitted changes have been removed from the datafiles Cannot be done if the database supports 24/7 operations –An inconsistent backup: Backup is made while Oracle is processing the database An inconsistent backup can be made consistent by processing an archive log file http://www.oracle.com/technology/obe/obe10gdb/h a/bar/bar.htmhttp://www.oracle.com/technology/obe/obe10gdb/h a/bar/bar.htm

61. DAVID M. KROENKE’S DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 10-61 David M. Kroenke’s Database Processing Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation (10 th Edition) End of Presentation: Chapter Ten Part Two