1. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Working with the Command- Line Interface Chapter 14

2. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Overview In this chapter, you will learn to –Explain the operation of the command-line interface –Execute fundamental commands from the command line –Manipulate files and folders from the command line

3. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Historical/Conceptual IBM invented the PC in the late ’70s but needed an operating system –Digital Research had an OS but turned them down –IBM went to a small company (Bill Gates at Microsoft) that had created BASIC –Microsoft had never written an OS but accepted the challenge Gates found an OS called Quick-and-Dirty-Operating- System (QDOS) and purchased it from the person who wrote it Microsoft released it as MS-DOS V 1.1 (Microsoft Disk Operating System) MS-DOS 6.22 ultimately released in 1994 DOS used a command-line interface

4. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Deciphering the Command-Line Interface IT Technician CompTIA A+ Technician

5. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Command-Line Interface (CLI) How does a command-line interface work? –Begins with a prompt indicating the computer is ready to do something –Type in a command and press ENTER –The command is executed –A new prompt is displayed—ready for the next command –CLI executes commands like the Windows GUI In CLI, type the command and press ENTER In GUI, point and click to execute commands

6. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Accessing the Command Line In Windows 2000 use the Run dialog box –Start | Run –Type cmd You may also access the command line through the Start | All Programs menu

7. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Command Prompt The command prompt is always focused on a specific folder –Any commands operate on the files and folders in the folder in which you are focused –You must first focus on the drive and folder where you want to work

8. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Filenames and File Formats Each program or piece of data is stored as a file on the drive Filenames have two parts –Filename In DOS, up to 8 characters long –Extension In DOS, up to 3 characters long Optional The filename and extension are separated by a dot –Called the 8.3 naming system These characters may not be used / \ [ ] | ÷ + = ;, * ?

9. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Filenames and Formats Windows does not restrict the filename to 8.3 (can be up 255 characters) –To be backward-compatible with DOS you need to follow the 8.3 standard –Windows creates two filenames for every file to ensure backward-compatibility The extension tells the computer the type of file –.exe,.doc,.xls

10. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved File Formats All files written in binary format American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) used for text –Universal file format –Defines 256 8-bit characters Unicode –Uses 16-bit code to cover every character for the most common languages

11. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved ASCII Character Chart

12. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Drives and Folders At boot, Windows assigns partitions and a drive letter –Floppy drives are usually assigned A: or B: –Hard drive partitions may be assigned C: to Z: –CD-ROM drives are named after hard drives Windows uses a hierarchical directory tree –Files are put into groups called folders In DOS we call folders directories –The root directory is at the beginning of the hierarchical structure with folders underneath

13. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Folders and Files Folders and files must be unique –Can’t be the same name in the same folder C:\ represents the root directory of C To describe a subfolder, add the name of the folder –C:\TEST The location of a file is called the path –The path of C:\test\file.txt is C:\test

14. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Directory Tree

15. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mastering Fundamental Commands

16. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Structure: Syntax and Switches The command line requires the exact syntax for each command Type the name of the command and desired or allowed switches –Switches modify the behavior of the command –Multiple switches may be allowable –DIR /W /P Displays the directory in wide mode and one page at a time

17. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Help Help with any command is readily available in one of three ways –HELP gives a one-line description of each command –HELP command gives specific help for the command –Command /? gives specific help for the command

18. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved DIR Command The DIR command lists the contents of a particular directory –The DIR/W command lists only the filenames

19. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved DIR Command Switches

20. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Directories: CD Command The CD (or CHDIR) command is used to change the focus to a different directory The CD\ command is used to return to the root directory CD.. Goes up one directory To switch between drives, type the drive letter followed by a colon –C: –D:

21. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Making and Removing Directories The MD (or MKDIR) command is used for creating a directory The DEL command is used for deleting files, and the RD (RMDIR) command is used for deleting directories and subdirectories The DELTREE command is used for deleting directories containing files and subdirectories

22. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Running a Program To run a program: –Change the DOS focus to the directory where the program is stored CD C:\Program Files\My Program –Type the filename with or without its extension and press ENTER Setup.exe

23. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Working with Files

24. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Working with Files Attributes (H, R, S, A) are special values assigned to a file –Hidden: hides the file –Read-only: protects a file from being deleted or modified –System: identifies system files –Archive: identifies files that have not been backed up The ATTRIB.EXE program is used to inspect and change file attributes

25. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Attrib Attrib can be used to change the attributes –Use + to add attribute -Use – to remove attribute Attrib +R AILOG.TXTMakes it read only Attrib –H AILOG.TXTMakes it no longer hidden

26. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Working with Files Wildcards: –Wildcards are special characters that enable commands to act on more than one file at a time –The * represents any number of characters –The ? represents a single character DIR *.TXTLists all files that end in.TXT DIR *.?XTLists all files that end in XT

27. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Working with Files REN command is used to rename files DEL and ERASE commands are used to delete files COPY command is used for making a copy of the file in a new location MOVE command is used for moving the file to a new location XCOPY command is used for working with multiple directories

28. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike’s Five-Step COPY/MOVE Process 1.Point the command prompt to the directory containing the files to be copied or moved C:\> CD \DOCS 2. Type COPY or MOVE and a space C:\DOCS> COPY 3. Type the name(s) of the file(s) to be copied/moved and a space C:\DOCS> COPY *.doc 4. Type the path of the new location for the files C:\DOCS> COPY *.doc c:\Steam 5. Press ENTER

29. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Working with Batch Files Batch files are text files that store a series of commands –One command on each line –Batch files use the.BAT extension –Batch files may be edited with any text editor Notepad EDIT –Batch files get their own type of icon

30. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved EDIT EDIT is a command-line command that starts a basic text editor

31. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Creating a Batch File Using EDIT, type in some commands on their own line (such as cd:\ and Dir) Save the file with a.BAT extension –C:\test.bat Launch a command prompt and run the batch file C:\> CD \ C:\> Test.bat

32. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Additional Commands Some additional commands are –VER shows the current version of Windows –ECHO tells the batch file to put text on the screen –TYPE displays the contents of a batch file on the screen –SET display settings that Windows has loaded by default

33. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved ECHO Command ECHO will display text on the screen ECHO OFF turns off the display of text on the screen @ at the beginning of a line prevents displaying the command, but not the result of the command @ECHO OFF is frequently used in batch files to “clean up” the appearance when the batch file is run

34. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved SET and PATH Commands SET will display the list of settings that Windows loads by default Programs (and batch files) are run from the location where the prompt is –If the program is not located in the current folder, you receive an error message –To tell your command to look in other places, use the PATH command PATH by itself lists the current list of places to look for a program PATH= location; location; location; … will add locations

35. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Beyond A+

36. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Using Special Keys F1 function key brings back the previous command one letter at a time F3 function key brings back the entire command at once The DOSKEY command stores a list of all previously typed commands and can be accessed by using the up arrow key –Type DOSKEY –Windows XP/2000 automatically starts the program

37. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved COMPACT Command COMPACT –Displays or alters the compression state of files –compact /c

38. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved CIPHER Command CIPHER –Displays or alters the encryption state of files –/e specifies encryption operation –/a says to apply it to the files as well as the directory

39. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved