2. Ben Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu) Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 The Future of the Web: Visual, Social, Universal Ben Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu) Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

3. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education www.cs.umd.edu/hcil

4. User Interface Design Goals Z Z Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Z Z Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic

5. User Interface Design Goals Z Z Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Z Z Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic Consistent Predictable Controllable

6. Design Issues Z Z Input devices & strategies ] ] Keyboards, pointing devices, voice ] ] Direct manipulation ] ] Menus, forms, commands Z Z Output devices & formats ] ] Screens, windows, color, sound ] ] Text, tables, graphics ] ] Instructions, messages, help Z Z Collaboration & communities Z Z Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org usableweb.com

7. Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Z Specify users and tasks Z Predict and measure ] time to learn ] speed of performance ] rate of human errors  human retention over time  Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction 7.0, www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html) Z Accommodate individual differences Z Consider social, organizational & cultural context

8. U.S. Library of Congress Z Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Z Teachers, Students

9. Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Z Doctors Z Surgeons Z Researchers Z Students

10. NASA Environmental Data Z Scientists Z Farmers Z Land planners Z Students

11. U.S. Bureau of Census Z Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Z Teachers, Students

12. Web Design Strategies to Empower Users: Visual, Social, Universal

13. 1) Visual Design Z Z Visual bandwidth is enormous ] ] Human perceptual skills are remarkable X X Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... X X Color, size, shape, proximity... ] ] Human image storage is fast and vast Z Z Opportunities ] ] Spatial layouts & coordination ] ] Information visualization ] ] Scientific visualization & simulation ] ] Telepresence & augmented reality ] ] Virtual environments Consistent Predictable Controllable

16. Treemap - view large trees with node values 4 Space filling 4 Space limited 4 Color coding 4 Size coding - Requires learning Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992 www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemaps TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)

17. Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

19. Temporal Info Viz - LifeLines

20. LifeLines

21. 2) Social Support: Concepts Z Z Online communities ] ] E-commerce customer service & consumer conversations ] ] Medical support groups & information exchange ] ] Educational discussions & teamwork ] ] Neighborhood forums & political organizing Z Z Technologies ] ] Synchronous text: Instant messaging, chat rooms ] ] Asynchronous text: Listservs, bulletin boards, newsgroups ] ] Audio,video, virtual realities

22. 2) Social Support: Active Worlds

23. 2) Social Support: Goals Z Z Supporting Sociability ] ] People: Target a population ] ] Purposes: Clearly state focus ] ] Policies: Make expectations explicit X X behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules Z Z Designing Usability ] ] Users: Know the users ] ] Tasks: Understand frequencies and sequences ] ] Systems: Choose seamless combinations of tools Online Communities: Supporting Sociability, Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley & Sons, June 2000 Consistent Predictable Controllable

24. Defining Trust Z Z Trust is the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest, and cooperative behavior, based on commonly shared norms, on the part of the members of that community. - Francis Fukuyama, Trust, 1995 Z Z Trust indicates a positive belief about the perceived reliability of, dependability of, and confidence in a person, object, or process. - B. J. Fogg, CHI99

25. Person Organization Tool Process Defining Trust - Revised Z Z Trust is the positive expectation a person has for another person or organization that is based on past performance and truthful future guarantees Z Z People rely on tools or processes Person Trusts ` Truthful Future Guarantees Responsible Rely on

26. Internet Design Credo Empower individuals by clarifying responsibility Promote participation by ensuring trust

27. 2) Social Support: Trust  Invite participation by ensuring trust ] ] Disclose patterns of past performance ] ] Provide references from past and current users ] ] Get certifications from third parties ] ] Make policies for privacy & security easy to find & read Z Z Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility ] ] Clarify each participant's responsibilities ] ] Provide clear guarantees with compensation   Describe dispute resolution and mediation services Communications of the ACM, Dec. 2000, Special Issue on Trust

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29. 3) Universal Usability Z Z Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Z Z User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, literacy, culture, income, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, light)... Z Z Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000 Consistent Predictable Controllable

30. Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access 1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486 Pentium 1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels Software Versions Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,... 1 to 100 range in network bandwidth 9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps

31. Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing... Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful User diversity: Accommodate different users Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert Age Young to old Gender Male or Female Income Impoverished to wealthy Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive Disabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight

32. Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented Training Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist Online Learning (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active Customer service Email Phone Help desks

33. Thomas Jefferson I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings. -- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808

34. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil