1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business Research Methods, 10e Dosen: Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc Chapter 12 Measurement Scales

2. Scientific methods and scientific thinking are based on concepts, the symbols we attach to bundles of meaning that we hold and share with others. We invent concepts to think about and communicate abstractions. We also use higher-level concepts- constructs-for specialized scientific explanatory purposes that are not directly observable. Concepts, constructs, and variables may be defined descriptively or operationally. Operational definitions, which are essential in research, must specify adequately the empirical information needed and how it will be collected. In addition, they must have the proper scope or fit for the research problem at hand.

3. Concepts and Constucts are used at the theoretical levels; variables are use at the empirical level. Variables accept numerals or values for the purpose of testing and measurement. They may be classified as explanatory (independent, dependent, or moderating), extraneous, and intervening.

4. Vocabulary Syntax Spelling Manuscript errors Format accuracy Typing speed “Job Interest Construct” (Components unknown by analyst) “Language Skill Construct” “Presentation Quality Construct” Most concrete Most abstract

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