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Hemiacetal can undergo ring opening reaction: this is designated the reducing end of the disaccharide. Non-reducing end
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Which of these are reducing sugars? Which are non- reducing?
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Figure 11-13Electron micrograph of the cellulose fibers in the cell wall of the alga Chaetomorpha melagonium.
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Figure 11-14The primary structure of cellulose. Page 365 What is this linkage?
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Figure 11-15Proposed structural model of cellulose. Page 365
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Plant cell wall architecture extensin Pectins Cellulose
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Common sugars found in plant polysaccharides
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A spotted June beetle (Pelidnota punctata), showing its surface armor (exoskeleton) of chitin.
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Figure 11-16Structure of chitin. Page 366 O O Linkage?
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Figure 11-17a -Amylose. The D-glucose residues of -amylose are linked by (1 4) bonds (red). Page 366
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Figure 11-17b -Amylose. This regularly repeating polymer forms a left- handed helix. Page 366
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Figure 11-18aAmylopectin. Its primary structure near one of its (1 6) branch points (red). Page 367
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Figure 11-18b Amylopectin. (b) Its bushlike structure with glucose residues at branch points indicated in red. Page 367
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Figure 11-20The disaccharide repeating units of the common glycosaminoglycans. Page 368
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Figure 11-29aN-Linked oligosaccharides. (a) All N-glycosidic protein attachments occur through a -N-acetylglucosamino–Asn bond to Asn–X–Ser/Thr. Page 376
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Figure 11-29c N-Linked oligosaccharides. (c) Some examples of N- linked oligosaccharides. Page 376
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Figure 11-30Some common O-glycosidic attachments of oligosaccharides to glycoproteins (red). Page 376
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Hemagglutinin binding to sialic acid- containing receptor. Watch a layperson’s video of flu infectionWatch a layperson’s video of flu infection
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FIGURE 7-35 Roles of oligosaccharides in recognition and adhesion at the cell surface.
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Figure 11-33aThe surfaces of (a) a normal mouse cell as seen in the electron microscope. (b) a cancerous cell as seen in the electron microscope. Page 378 a b Agglutinated with Conconavalin A--specific for glc and man
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Sugar determination by acetylation followed byGC/MS 510152025 minutes 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 MCountsgal.40012.SMS 40:650 40:650 Gas chromatogram of D- galactitol hexacetate Spectrum of Galactitol-1,2,3,4,5,6- hexacetate
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FIGURE 7-37 Separation and quantification of the oligosaccharides in a group of glycoproteins. A mixture of proteins extracted from kidney tissue was treated to release oligosaccharides from glycoproteins, and the oligosaccharides were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). Each distinct oligosaccharide produces a peak at its molecular mass, and the area under the curve reflects the quantity of that oligosaccharide.
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LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY Fifth Edition David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox © 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 13 Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types
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Living cells are not at equilibrium! Concentrations of reactants and products are typically far from the equilibrium values (Q K eq ). We must consider “steady state” concentrations of these species for the determination of G. G = G o' + RTlnQ
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Homeostatic conditions
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Fig 16.2
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See Figure 16.3 Catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways
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Figure 16.20
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The energy charge of most cells ranges from 0.8 to 0.95
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Page 567 Figure 16-21b Some overall coupled reactions involving ATP. (b) The phosphorylation of ADP by phosphoenolpyruvate to form ATP and pyruvate.
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Oxidized cofactors Reduced cofactors Reduced substratesOxidized substrates + +
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Fig 17.3
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The Rossman fold. Structural motif is found in the NAD-binding site of many dehydrogenases. (a) Consists of a pair of structurally similar motifs, with three parallel β sheets and two α helices (β-α-β-α-β). (b) Nucleotide-binding domain of lactate dehydrogenase with NAD (ball-and-stick structure) bound in an extended conformation through hydrogen bonds and salt bridges to the paired β-α-β-α-β motifs of the Rossman fold (shades of green).
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“Alfonse, Biochemistry makes my head hurt!!” \
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