1. Drinking Water Treatment 1 Lyon, Pollutec 2008 Fine Bubbles, Big Effect Deacidification of Drinking Water Dr. Andreas Dülberg

2. Drinking Water Treatment 2 Market Leader in Germany Over 400 installations flow-rates between 5 and 5000 m³/h

3. Drinking Water Treatment 3 Cooperation Aquadosil ® Essen Germany Andreas Dülberg CIFEC Neully s. Seine France Luc Derreumaux Cooperation

4. Drinking Water Treatment 4 Contents 1.Problem, Regulations 2.Theoretical Basics 3.Deacidification Methods 4.The Aquadosil ® System (fine bubbles …)

5. Drinking Water Treatment 5 Problem Heavy Metal Incorporation Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) ‘Redwater’ (Rusty Water), Turbidity Microbiology Loss of Water Due to Leaks Damage of Pipes And Indoor Installations Corrosion

6. Drinking Water Treatment 6 Regulations European requirements: “Water should not be aggressive“ !Binding for all members of the European Community!

7. Drinking Water Treatment 7 Regulations pHcorrosion

8. Drinking Water Treatment 8 Contents 1.Problem, Regulations 2.Theoretical Basics 3.Deacidification Methods 4.The Aquadosil ® System (fine bubbles …)

9. Drinking Water Treatment 9 Theoretical Basics 1)CO 2 + H 2 O ↔ H 2 CO 3 k 0 = 1 x 10 -5 2)H 2 CO 3 ↔ H + + HCO 3 - k 1 = 5 x 10 -7 3)HCO 3 - ↔ H + + CO 3 2- k 2 = 5 x 10 -11 4)H 2 O ↔ H + + OH - k 3 = 1 x 10 -14

10. Drinking Water Treatment 10 Theoretical Basics Titration with NaOH to pH = 4,3 →HCO 3 - (bicarbonate) Titration with HCl to pH = 8,2 →CO 2 (carbon dioxide)

11. Drinking Water Treatment 11 Theoretical Basics ?How does Calcite come into play? Computation of the equilibrium values with iterative procedures 5)(CaCO 3 ) solid ↔ Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- k L = 4.8 x 10 -9 6)CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O ↔ Ca 2+ + 2(HCO 3 - )

12. Drinking Water Treatment 12 Theoretical Basics Parameters related to calcite / carbonic acid equilibrium pH L: Equlibrium by removal of CO 2 from aggressive water pH C : Equlibrium by adding of calcite to aggressive water CO 2 equil :equilibrium value computed values of water data

13. Drinking Water Treatment 13 Theoretical Basics Descriptions of the Deviation of the Equilibrium (Selection) SI:Saturation Index:pH - pH L metered value

14. Drinking Water Treatment 14 Theoretical Basics CO 2 aggressive :CO 2 – CO 2 equil metered value SI:Saturation Index:pH - pH L Descriptions of the Deviation of the Equilibrium (Selection)

15. Drinking Water Treatment 15 Theoretical Basics Descriptions of the Deviation of the Equilibrium (Selection) D c :theoretical ability of a water, to dissolve calcite (in mg/l) So, what does it mean: “… should not be aggressive“? computed values of water data SI:Saturation Index:pH - pH L CO 2 aggressive :CO 2 – CO 2 equil

16. Drinking Water Treatment 16 Theoretical Basics … should not be aggressive … has led to the following regulations: in Germany:D c ≤ 5 mg/l in France:SI: ≥ 0 (pH ≥ pH L )

17. Drinking Water Treatment 17 Theoretical Basics

18. Drinking Water Treatment 18 Theoretical Basics hard soft

19. Drinking Water Treatment 19 Contents 1.Problem, Regulations 2.Theoretical Basics 3.Deacidification Methods 4.The Aquadosil ® -System (fine bubbles …)

20. Drinking Water Treatment 20 3) Deacidification Methods 1.Neutralisation with chemicals CO 2 + NaOH  NaHCO 3 2.Filtration (marble or neutralite) CO 2 + CaCO 3 + H 2 O  Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 3.Stripping (removal of CO 2 by air) H 2 CO 3  CO 2 + H 2 O

21. Drinking Water Treatment 21 Deacidification Methods  Stripping a)Thermodynamics Distribution Equlibrium : C water = K Henry x C air x P concentrations Henry‘s constant pressure C water (min) = 0,7 mg/l (10 o C) with infinite amounts of air

22. Drinking Water Treatment 22 Methods for Deacidification  Stripping b)Kinetics diffusion-controlled reaction : dC water /dt = A/Z x D x (ΔC water ) flow thickness of the reaction layer exchange surface concentration gradient diffusion coefficient

23. Drinking Water Treatment 23 Contents 1.Problem, Regulations 2.Theoretical Basics 3.Deacidification Methods 4.The Aquadosil ® -System (fine bubbles …)

24. Drinking Water Treatment 24 Stripping  Aquadosil ® -System

25. Drinking Water Treatment 25 Aquadosil ® -System: fine bubbles

26. Drinking Water Treatment 26 Aquadosil ® -System: fine bubbles

27. Drinking Water Treatment 27 Aquadosil ® -System: flat construction Wiesbaden Feed [m³/h]: 500 CO 2 [mg/l]: 38  < 2

28. Drinking Water Treatment 28 Aquadosil ® -System: easily retrofitted Düsseldorf Feed [m³/h]: 1000 CO 2 [mg/l]: 20  5

29. Drinking Water Treatment 29 Aquadosil ® -System: high performance 2 mg/l !

30. Drinking Water Treatment 30 Aquadosil ® -System: high performance Bicarbonate [mmol/l] Calcium [mg/l] Hardness [ o fH] pH [ - ] D c [mg/l] SI [ - ] ≥ 2,040108,2 (equi) 00 ≥ 1,5307,5≥ 7,9≤ 2,5≥ -0,2 ≥ 1,0205≥ 7,7≤ 5≥ -0,7 pH values after physical deacidification CO 2 concentration ≤ 2 mg/l: cleanwater

31. Drinking Water Treatment 31 Aquadosil ® -System: adjustable Basel Feed [m³/h]: 2000 CO 2 [mg/l]: 20  < 2

32. Drinking Water Treatment 32 Aquadosil ® -System: adjustable

33. Drinking Water Treatment 33 fine bubbles  - high efficiency; CO 2 cleanwater < 2 mg/l ! - adjustable flat construction  - easily retrofitted inert sinter ceramic aeration elements  - mechanically and chemically stable - no microbiological growth - low-maintenance operation Aquadosil ® -System: Summary

34. Drinking Water Treatment 34 fin Merci beaucoup pour votre attention!