1. Research Methodology EPH 7112 LECTURE 6: RESEARCH PLANNING

2. THE ISSUES Sometime students are not clear on: 1. How to start 2. What area, what topic 3. How to choose a supervisor 4. What’s the scope 5. How to get data 6. How to analyze 7. When to stop

3. MATERIALS TO COVER: PART A: THE PHILOSOPHY PART B: THE PLANNING PART C: THE IMPLEMENTATION Note: the part on “What Your Supervisor Expects from You” is not covered here

4. THE WHOLE PROCESS OF RESEARCH STUDY

5. PRODUCING RESULTS

6. Processes in obtaining data (Quantitative/Qualitative) Theoretical modeling/Software simulation b. Emulation c. Survey d. Experimental It’s all about Testing the system under study

7. Data normally come in the form of Tables Results normally come in the form of Graphs Charts

8. Output/Conclusion (the system under study) Working system Product New Process Ingredients Algorithm Programs Formula

9. Analyzing Results Results consist of : 1. Presentation of data 2. Analysis Analysis of results must include the explanation on: Design Parameters (Cause) and Performance Parameters (Effects) of the System Under Study. A comparative analysis is typically required.

10. Output/Conclusion Conclusion: Targets/Objectives achieved, how much? Which results directly support the conclusion? Output can be :- 1. Formula 2. Process 3. Algorithm/Program 4. Prototype 5. System

11. Novelty 1. Theory 2. Process/techniques/fabrications 3. Ingredients/Materials 4. Design/architecture 5. Properties/Characteristics

12. PART B: THE PLANNING

13. Study Plan A Study Plan is a document explaining the plan of the study/research project from its start to the end. It is normally presented in a Gantt chart, and it should clearly show: 1. The research activities 2. The continuity of activities 3. The period of activities/timeline 4. Deliverables and milestones 5. The end goal

14. Study Plan It basically addresses the issues of: 1. What to do 2. When to do 3. What to achieve 4. When to stop

15. Deliverables and Milestones 1. All outputs are Deliverables 2. Major outputs are Milestones A milestone represents an important stage of a project.

16. A sample study plan YEAR200220032004 MONTH23456789 10101 1212123456789 10101 1212123456 No.Activity 1 Literature Review 2 Code Development * 3 Computer Simulation 4Procurements. * 5Experimentation 6Result Analysis * 7Report Writing

17. Weaknesses of a Study Plan 1. It does not clearly show the structure/scope; depth and width of the project 2. It does not provide the designation of issues under study; general issues, complementary issues and focused issues 3. It does not adequately indicate the number of results expected of a project

18. Study Model (K-Chart) A Study Model is a document explaining the structure, issues and sub-issues under study. It is usually presented in the form of a Tree Diagram. A K-Chart should clearly show: 1. The issues of concern 2. The sub-issues of concern 3. The designation of theory, simulation and experiment 4. The Design and Performance parameters 5. The line of focus 6. The scope (depth and width) of a project

19. K-Chart should be able to give an idea on: 1. How many results will be obtained. 2. Which results are to be highlighted. 3. How many chapters (and what chapters) will there be. 4. The coverage of the literature review. 5. How many pages the thesis will be.

20. How to construct a K-Chart 1. Identify the area of study (Main title) 2. Identify the main issues under the area of study – these issues come as branches under the Title 3. Identify the sub-issues under the main issues – again as lower layer branches 4. End the issues/sub-issues once you get the required info for you to decide (which one you want to proceed into the details in) 5. Continue step 3 until you reach the data generating methods (experiment, simulation, survey etc) 6. End the structure with a list of Design (DP) and Performance Parameters (PP) 7. You may have redundant issues and/or redundant DPs/PPs – not to worry! Whichever way you do, you should end with same results 8. Highlight the tree branches that you want to study/focus

21. SAMPLE STUDY MODEL: OPTICAL MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE

22. Sample Study Model (CONSTRUCTION AND IMPLEMENTAION OF A NEW CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR METROPOLITAN AND ACCESS NETWORK)

23. OS-CDMA APPLICATION

24. Application – MAN (Simulation)

25. Application – MAN (Experiment)

26. SYSTEM UNDER STUDY (Metropolitan Area Network- Point To Point) 1.SYSTEM 1 ( DIRECT MODULATION OSCDMA ) 2.SYSTEM 2 ( EXTERNAL MODULATED OSCDMA) 3.SYSTEM 3 (MULTIPLE SOURCE OSCDMA) 4.SYSTEM 4 (SINGLE SOURCE OSCDMA) 5.SYSTEM 5 (COMPLEMENT SUBTRACTION) 6.SYSTEM 6 (AND SUBTRACTION) 7.SYSTEM 7 (SYNCHRONOUS) 8.SYSTEM 8 (ASYNCHRONOUS)

27. DESIGN PARAMETER vs PERFORMANCE PARAMETER Design parameters: Distance Input Power(P TX ) Chip spacing Bit rate Design parameters: Distance Input Power(P TX ) Chip spacing Bit rate Design parameters: Distance Input Power(P TX ) Chip spacing Bit rate Design Parameters:Performance Parameters 1. Distance (Fiber)1. BER (Bit error rate) 2. Input Power (P TX )2. Q Factor 3. Chip Width3. Power Receive (P RX ) 4. Bit Rate

28. WHAT STUDY MODELS GIVE US 1. A clear title of project/thesis 2. The scope, and objective (abstract) 3. The un-highlighted issues – Literature reviews (Background reviews, Critical reviews, Problem Statement) 4. Number of results

29. How to Calculate the Number of Results No Of Results = No of system x No of Design Parameters x No of Performance Parameters

30. Example : Total Number Of Results (OSCDMA Project: Metropolitan Area Network Point to Point) Total Result = 8 (Number Of system) x 4 (Design Parameter) x 3 (Performance Parameter) = 96

31. PART C: THE IMPLEMENTATION LITERATURE REVIEWS AND RESULTS ANALYSIS

32. LITERATURE REVIEWS Consists of: 1. Background Review (Introduction) 2. Critical Review (throughout the thesis, typically in Problem Statement, conclusions)

33. LITERATURE REVIEWS 1. Start with text books, white papers, “review’ papers – background review 2. Then, with journal papers (always read more than once, at different times) 3. Review until you have enough info to decide – focus on Advantages & Disadvantages 4. How many references; > 50 for MSc, >100 for PhD 5. Index your references

34. LITERATURE REVIEWS, con’t 6. Jot down info you get from the references – in your reference note book 7. Focus on strengths/weaknesses of papers

35. RESULTS PRESENTATION Typically, engineering research results come in the form of graphs/curves Graphs: Y vs. X Y axis – Performance Parameter (Output) X axis – Design Parameters (Input)

36. RESULTS PRESENTATION con’t For Multiple DPs, always present only one at a time. Analyze them individually, then only put them together when necessary (i.e, better presentation) Note: Many times, students end up producing (too) many results, look different but similar (only realized after going through the analysis). Happens when trying to put multiple DPs at the same time.

37. RESULTS ANALYSIS, con’t There are two main elements of analysis: 1. The Trend, 2.The Reason Trend Parameters: Max, Min, Average (Mean), Slope, Skewness, Mod,Median Reason: WHY the trend?

38. Characterization curve (CC) Vs Optimization curve (OC) CC : Y Vs X1 at Fixed X2 OC : X1 Vs X2 at Fixed Y

39. THANK YOU