1. Intercultural concepts  Advantages –framework for analysis –the scientific method: surveys/statistics –moving from anecdote to analysis  Roots in anthropology –From the bush to the boardroom

2. Edward & Mildred Hall  Polychronic & Monochronic cultures  High context Low context cultures  non-verbal communication –eye-contact (oculesics) –body space (proxemics) –touching (haptics) –gestures (kinisecs)

3. Business based: Hofstede  High Power Distance & Low Power Distance cultures  Masculine & Feminine cultures  Individualist & Collectivist cultures  High Uncertainty Avoidance & Low Uncertainty Avoidance cultures

4. Focus on sales: Gesteland  Deal-Focused cultures  Relationship-Focused cultures  formal cultures & informal cultures  rigid-time & fluid-time cultures

5. Broad base: Trompenaars  Universalist & Particularist cultures  Ascriptive & Achievement-oriented cultures  Affective & Neutral cultures  Specific & Diffuse cultures  Inner-directed & Outer-directed cultures