1. THE SUNNI- SHIAH SPLIT IN ISLAM

2. BEGINS WITH PASSING OF MUHAMMAD IN 632 CE

3. ACCORDING to a Shi'ite tradition, while Muhammad was enroute back from Mecca to Medina after His 'farewell pilgrimage', He stopped at a watering place and called 'Ali to Him. 'Then it was that he took Ali's hands and raised them' saying, ''Whoever has me as his master has Ali as his master. Be a friend to his friends, O Lord, and be an enemy to his enemies. Help those who assist him and frustrate those who oppose him.'' The Shi'ite Religion by Dwight M. Donaldson, London: Luzac & Company, 1933, p. 5.

4. ACCORDING to some traditional accounts Muhammad called for writing materials and ink to record His will and testament. In one account 'Umar—who was to become Islam's third Caliph— refused Muhammad's request. See The Life of Mahomet by Emile Dermenghem, translated by Arabella Yorke, New York: The Dial Press, MCMXXX

5. Muhammad bequeaths to Muslims His family and the Qur’an "Verily, I leave amongst you My twin weighty testimonies: The Book of God and My Family.“ –Kitab-i-Iqan, 201 Muhammad bequeaths to Muslims His family and the Qur’an "Verily, I leave amongst you My twin weighty testimonies: The Book of God and My Family.“ –Kitab-i-Iqan, 201

6. SHORTLY before His death Muhammad found that He was too ill to lead the now traditional Friday congregational prayer in the mosque. A widely respected tradition states that Muhammad deputized Abu-Bakr to lead the prayers on His behalf. If true, this did much to strengthen Abu-Bakr's claim to be Muhammad's successor. Another incident … has Abu- Bakr making the public announcement of Muhammad's death, saying: 'Whoever worshipped the person of Muhammad, let him know that Muhammad hath died; and whoever worshipped God, let him know that God doth not die.' Muhammad and The Course of Islam, p. 165.

7. Mourning for the Passing of Muhammad

8. The word 'Caliph' is the English form of the Arabic word 'Khalifa,' which is short for Khalifatu Rasulil-lah. The latter expression means Successor to the Messenger of God

9. ABU BAKR ‘UMAR 1 1 CALIPHS (SUCCESSORS) 632-634 CE 634-644 CE 2 2 ‘UTHMAN 644-656 CE 3 3 ‘ALI 4 4 656-661 CE FIRST FOUR CALLED ‘RIGHTLY GUIDED’ CALIPHS FIRST FOUR CALLED ‘RIGHTLY GUIDED’ CALIPHS THESE FOUR WERE ELECTED — AS ARE ALL THE CALIPHS OF SUNNI ISLAM

10. Sunnites regard the first Caliphs as legitimate successors of Muhammad and accept the 'six authentic' books of tradition. They believe the Caliph must be elected and must be a member of the Quraysh—the Prophet's tribe.

11. Shi’ites – on the other hand – believe that the successor must be a descendant of Muhammad through Fatima and ‘Ali and be designated an Imam by the Imam that immediately preceeded him

12. The infallibility assigned to the 12 Shite Imams closely parallels that proclaimed by Pope Pius IX in 1870

13. Shi’ites —‘partisans of ‘Ali — maintain that ‘Ali should have been appointed Caliph after Muhammad. They do not recognize any of the Caliphs except for ‘Ali, the 4 th Caliph.

14. Thirteen hundred years had to elapse from the death of the Prophet Muhammad ere the illegitimacy of the institution of the Caliphate, the founders of which had usurped the authority of the lawful successors of the Apostle of God, would be fully and publicly demonstrated. -Shoghi Effendi, World Order of Baha’u’llah, 178

15. Shi’ites followed a series of Imams who appointed successors. There were 12 of these altogether.

16. Shi’ahs & Bahá’ís Believe in the 12 Imams 12 Imams To the five pillars Shi’ahs add the belief in the 12 Imams. 12 Imams To the five pillars Shi’ahs add the belief in the 12 Imams. ‘Ali 1 1 HUSAYN 3 3 2 2 HASSAN ‘Ali 4 4 ABU-BAKR 5 5 6 6 JA’FAR-I-SADIQ 7 7 MUSA KAZIM 8 8 IMAM RIDA 9 9 MUHAMMAD TAQI 10 ‘ALI-NAQI 11 HASAN-I-ASKARI 12 MUHAMMAD

17. ‘Ali MUHAMMAD KHADIJIH FATIMIH HASSAN HUSAYN 1 1 2 2 3 3 ‘Ali ABU BAKR JA’FAR-I-SADIQ 4 4 5 5 6 6 656 CE THE TWELVE IMAMS OF SHIAH ISLAM 874 CE THE first 11 Imams were murdered. The 12 th Imam disappear- ed in AH 260 / 874 CE. 228 DIED 661 CE

18. MUSA KAZIM IMAM RIDA MUHAMMAD-TAQI ALI-NAQI HASAN-I-ASKARI 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 MUHAMMAD 12 SHIAH ‘TWELVERS’ – THE MAJORITY OF SHIAHS – BELIEVE THE 12 TH IMAM LIVES & WILL REAPPEAR THE TWELVE IMAMS OF SHIAH ISLAM 656 CE 874 CE AH 260 228

19. Yazid I – the second Umayyad Caliph -- attacked Husayn at Karbila, Iraq at midday on Friday, the tenth of Muharram. The tragic circumstances of Husayn's martyrdom have become the most passionately commemorated event in all of Shi'ah Islam. THE MARTYRDOM OF HUSAYN

23. The line of Imams lasted only 228 years, (656 AD-874 AD. The 12th Imam, Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn Hasan, disappeared in AH 260/874 AD. Shi'ah Muslims believe he didn't die but went into 'Occultation', a mystical state in which he continued to guide the faithful until his promised 'return'. Another description of this state is that of the 'Hidden Imam.'

24. THESE Imams, or descendants of the Prophet, came in time to be regarded by Shiah Islam as saints and martyrs. Although Shiah Islam began among the Arabs, it reached its greatest influence in Persia.

25. TODAY the Islamic Republic of Iran is the only government in which Shiah Islam is the state religion.

26. The first two Sunni dynasties, the Umayyads and the Abbasids, saw the Imams as a challenge to their own legitimacy.

27. UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 661-744 UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 661-744 CALIPHATE MOVED FROM DAMASCUS TO SPAIN IN 724 DAMASCUS SPAIN

28. MIUAWIYA 661-680 YAZID I*680-683 MUAWIYA II683-684 MARWAN I684-685 ABD AL-MALIK685-705 AL-WALID I705-715 SULAIMAN715-717 UMAR II717-720 YAZID II720-724 HISHAM724-743 AL-WALID II 743-744 YAZID III744 MARWAN II744-750 MIUAWIYA 661-680 YAZID I*680-683 MUAWIYA II683-684 MARWAN I684-685 ABD AL-MALIK685-705 AL-WALID I705-715 SULAIMAN715-717 UMAR II717-720 YAZID II720-724 HISHAM724-743 AL-WALID II 743-744 YAZID III744 MARWAN II744-750 UMAYYAD CALIPHS * HAD THE IMAM HUSAYN KILLED 661 - 750

29. DOME OF THE ROCK COMPLETED BY CALIPH ABD AL-MALIK 685-705 IN 691 CE UMAYYAD PALACES EARLIEST MUSLIM SITES IN THE HOLY LAND

30. ABBASID PERIOD WOODEN DOORS

32. BAGHDAD AS-SAFFAH749-756 AL-MANSUR 754-775 AL-MAHDI775-785 AL-MADI785-786 HARUN AR-RASHID 786-809 AL-AMIN809-813 AL-MAMUN813-833 AL-MUTASIM833-842 AL-WATHUQ842-847 AL-MUTTAWWAKKIL 847-861 AS-SAFFAH749-756 AL-MANSUR 754-775 AL-MAHDI775-785 AL-MADI785-786 HARUN AR-RASHID 786-809 AL-AMIN809-813 AL-MAMUN813-833 AL-MUTASIM833-842 AL-WATHUQ842-847 AL-MUTTAWWAKKIL 847-861 ABBASID CALIPHS 749 - 1258 MONGOLS SACKED BAGHDAD IN 1258 AND THE ABBASIDS ESCAPED TO EGYPT

33. The Abbasids in Cairo (1261-1517) under the Mameluke Sultans

34. TWO RIVAL CALIPHATES FATIMID (Shiites) 909-1172 Overthrown by Saladin UMAYYAD SPAIN 929-1301

35. OTTOMAN TURKS 1300-1922 OTTOMAN TURKS 1300-1922 CALIPHATE FORMALLY ABOLISHED BY THE TURKISH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN MARCH, 1924

36. I- THE MAHDI “the divinely Guided One” – a savior to the Sunni – He is to be a descendant of Muhammad and will establish peace and justice in the world. II- HADHRAT ISA “Jesus Christ” is also to appear shortly after the Mahdi I- THE MAHDI “the divinely Guided One” – a savior to the Sunni – He is to be a descendant of Muhammad and will establish peace and justice in the world. II- HADHRAT ISA “Jesus Christ” is also to appear shortly after the Mahdi THE SUNNI EXPECT TWO FIGURES These two Figures are to appear before the promised “Day of Judgement” (Not all Sunnis believe in the Mahdi.) These two Figures are to appear before the promised “Day of Judgement” (Not all Sunnis believe in the Mahdi.)

37. I- THE TWELFTH IMAM He is also called the Qa'im (caw- 'em). He is the ‘Hidden Imam’ who went into Occultation in AH 260. II- THE THIRD IMAM I- THE TWELFTH IMAM He is also called the Qa'im (caw- 'em). He is the ‘Hidden Imam’ who went into Occultation in AH 260. II- THE THIRD IMAM THE SHI’AH EXPECT TWO FIGURES Third Imam (eh-mom), the Imam Husayn (ho-sane).

38. An international Muslim congress held in Cairo in 1926 to choose an acceptable successor to the caliphate proved abortive, resulting only in an appeal to the Muslims of the world to work together to reestablish a caliphate. Ever since World War II, however, the preoccupation of Muslim nations has been with national independence and economic problems. Recently the restoration of the caliphate is again under discussion. An international Muslim congress held in Cairo in 1926 to choose an acceptable successor to the caliphate proved abortive, resulting only in an appeal to the Muslims of the world to work together to reestablish a caliphate. Ever since World War II, however, the preoccupation of Muslim nations has been with national independence and economic problems. Recently the restoration of the caliphate is again under discussion.

39. This program was researched, designed and produced by Dr. Duane K. Troxel of www.digital-transformations.com www.DuanesWorldTravel.com

40. THE ENDS THE SHI’AH – SUNNI SPLIT PROGRAM This program was created by Dr. Duane K. Troxel