1. Central Dogma DNA is the genetic material within the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA
DNA is the genetic material
within the nucleus.
Replication
The process of replication
creates new copies of DNA.
Transcription
The process of transcription
creates an RNA using
DNA information.
RNA
Translation
The process of translation
creates a protein using
RNA information.
Protein

2. Transcription DNA is used as a template for creation of RNA using
the enzyme RNA polymerase.
DNA 5’ G T C A T T C G G 3’ 3’ C A G T A A G C C 5’

3. Transcription RNA polymerase reads the nucleotides on the
template strand from 3’ to 5’ and creates an RNA
Molecule in a 5’ to 3’ direction that looks like the coding strand. G T C A T T C G G C A G T A A G C C

4. Transcription The new RNA molecule is formed by incorporating
nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand.
DNA
DNA coding strand 5’ G T C A T T C G G 3’ G
RNA 5’ U C A 3’ 3’ C A G T A A G C C 5’
DNA template strand

5. Two types of nucleic acids
DNA
Usually double-stranded
Has thymine as a base
Deoxyribose as the sugar
Carries RNA-encoding information
Not catalytic
RNA
Usually single-stranded
Has uracil as a base
Ribose as the sugar
Carries protein-encoding information
Can be catalytic

6. Two types of nucleic acids
# of strands
kind of sugar
bases used

7. rRNA is part of ribosome, used to translate mRNA into protein

8. tRNA is a connection between anticodon and amino acid

10. Initiation of transcription
Transcription begins at the 3’ end of the gene in a
region called the promoter.
The promoter recruits TATA protein,
a DNA binding protein, which in turn recruits
other proteins.
TATA binding protein
Promoter
Gene sequence
to be transcribed
TATA box
DNA GG
TATA CCC
Transcription factor
Transcription begins
When a complete transcription complex is formed RNA polymerase binds and transcription begins.

11. 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus
Noncoding segments called introns are spliced out
A cap and a tail are added to the ends to protect against degradation in the cytoplasm
Exon
Intron
Exon
Intron
Exon
DNA
Transcription Addition of cap and tail
Cap
RNA transcript with cap and tail
Introns removed
Tail
Exons spliced together
mRNA
Coding sequence
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Figure 10.10

13. Fig

14. 10.8 The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life
Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code
All organisms use the same 20 aa
Each codon specifies a particular aa
Figure 10.8A

15. 10.8 The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life
Three codons do not code from an aa
Rather they are found at the end of the coding sequence
Tell a ribosome to stop translation and release the protein
Figure 10.8A

16. Tryptophan and Methionine have only 1 codon each
All the rest have more than one
AUG has a dual function
3 stop codons that code for termination of protein synthesis
Redundancy in the code but no ambiguity
Figure 10.8A

17. Translation
The process of reading the RNA sequence of an mRNA and creating the amino acid sequence of a protein is called translation.
DNA T C A G
template
strand
Transcription
mRNA A G U C
Messenger
RNA
Codon
Translation
Protein
Lysine
Serine
Valine
Polypeptide
(amino acid
sequence)

18. 10.11 Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation
In the cytoplasm, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA and translates its message into a polypeptide
The process is aided by transfer RNAs
Amino acid attachment site
Hydrogen bond
RNA polynucleotide chain
Anticodon
Figure 10.11A

19. A codon of three nucleotides determines choice of amino acid

20. Translation is composed of three steps
Initiation translation begins at start codon (AUG=methionine)
Elongation the ribosome uses the tRNA
anticodon to match codons to
amino acids and adds those amino
acids to the growing peptide chain
Termination translation ends at the stop codon
UAA, UAG or UGA

21. mRNA, a specific tRNA, and the ribosome subunits assemble during initiation
Large
Ribosomal subunit
Initiator tRNA
P site
A site
Start codon
Small ribosomal subunit
mRNA binding site 1 2
Figure 10.13B

22. Translation initiation
Leader
sequence
Small ribosomal subunit
mRNA 5’ 3’ A U G C
Met U A C
Initiator tRNA
Assembling to
begin translation

23. Translation Elongation
Ribosome
mRNA 5’ 3’ U C G A C U A C U P
tRNA A
Amino acid
Met
Gly
Large ribosomal subunit

24. Translation ElongationC U A
Met
mRNA 5’ 3’
Gly G
Cys A P

25. Translation Elongation
mRNA 5’ 3’ U C G A A C
Cys C U
Lys C U P A
Met
Gly
Lengthening
polypeptide
(amino acid chain)

26. Translation Elongation
Stop codon
mRNA 5’ U C G A U A C U
Lys C U G
Arg A C A P
Met
Gly
Cys
Release
factor

27. Translation Termination
Stop codon
Ribosome reaches stop codon
mRNA 5’ U C G A U A C U G
Arg C U
Release
factor P
Met
Gly
Cys
Lys A

28. Translation Termination
Once stop codon is reached,
elements disassemble. U C G A C U G
Release
factor P
Met
Gly
Cys
Lys
Arg A

31. Levels of protein structure
Primary structure sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure shapes formed with
regions of the protein
(helices, coil, sheets)
Tertiary structure shape of entire folded
protein due to interactions
between particular peptides
Quaternary structure structures formed by interaction of several proteins together
e.g. Functional hemoglobin is
two alpha-hemoglobin proteins and
two beta-hemoglobin proteins

32. 10_14d.jpg

33. Levels of protein structure

34. Misfolding of protein impairs function
Misfolded prion protein disrupts functions of other
normally folded prion proteins.
Aberrant conformation can passed on propagating like
an “infectious” agent.

35. 10_18.jpg