1. Colonial Religious Diversity Regional Beliefs and Bodies, 1680-1760 Brewton Parish Anglican Church

2. Especially Diverse Middle In 1690, 90% of Congregations were Congregationalist (New England) or Anglican (Virginia); by 1770, only 35% were. By 1770, Scot and Scots-Irish Presbyterians (15%) and Welsh Baptists (15%) were the largest rivals. Non-English bodies like the German Reformed, German Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, and Mennonites made up nearly 25% of all congregations by 1770. This diversity was driven by immigration, denominational growth in denominations already present in 1690, and persistent folk beliefs (occult, magic).

3. French Protestants Hugenots primarily in Boston, New York, and South Carolina (2500 between 1680- 1700)—but they tended to assimilate into existing congregations and intermarry with non-Hugenot families.

4. The Germans Lutherans and German Reformed Lutherans especially settled in New York and Pennsylvania. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (1711-1787) beginning in 1742 worked with immigrant Germans to organize congregations and encourage faithful worship. M. sought to create educated ministers to counter the loss of Lutherans to German Pietistic communities of faith with their lay ministers. Created the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1748, the first Lutheran Synod. Emphasis was on the confessional tradition of pure Lutheran Doctrine.

5. Muhlenberg Old Trappe Church, est. by M.

6. German Reformed (Calvinists) First Synod organized in 1747. Original Congregants tended to be common laborers who were “redemptioners” or “indentured servants. Limited their ability to do church work. Emphasized a plain liturgy—plain gospel and pure worship for a plain people. Centered in Pennsylvania, but also in New York and the back country of Maryland and North Carolina.

7. German Pietists or sectarians Mennonites—followers of Menno Simons—came to Pa. after 1680. More extreme Mennonites were the Amish, followers of the ideas of Jacob Amman. “Dunkers” or Church of the Brethren centered in Ephrata. Pa. and produced German language religious materials. Moravians—especially active in communal settlements in western Pa. and in doing evangelical work among Indians. Key for the Pietists: emphasis on proper living, rather than advocacy of proper doctrine alone.

8. Jews First Jews were from Brazil and settled in New York. First Synagogue was established in New York. Sephardic Jews and Ashkenazic Jews. Notable settlements in Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah, and Newport.

9. Touro Synagogue

10. Methodists Movement within Anglican Church John Wesley (1703-1791) Armenianism Francis Asbury (1745-1816)

11. John Wesley Francis Asbury

12. Quakers George Fox (1624-1691) William Penn (1644-1718) Quaker Party Pacificm

14. Baptists From Wales and England Calvinists “adult” immersion 60 Congregations by 1740, from Massachusetts to the Carolina Backcountry

15. Presbyterians Mostly Scots-Irish 130 Congregations by 1740 Church governance

16. Schisms Nature of the religious ecology encouraged schism. Dissenting Baptists in Rhode Island known as Rogerenes (Saturday worship and faith healing), led by George Rogers (1670s) George Keith led a splinter group within the Quakers—they became Keithian Quakers and Keithian Baptists, while Keith became a Church of England minister denouncing Quakers. (1690s- 1700s)

17. Folk Religion Grace Sherwood tried for witchcraft in Va. In 1705. Nicholas Trott in S. C. and Increase Mather in Mass. encouraged prosecution of witches. “cunning people” Astrological Socieites Almanacs