2. Philip J.B. Jackson research fellow Electronic Electrical and Computer Engineering Mama and Papa: the ancestors of modern-day speech science http://web.bham.ac.uk/p.jackson

3. Outline 1.The sounds of English 2.Darwin’s studies of phonetics 3.Human speech production 4.Darwin’s “speaking machine” 5.C.20 th speech synthesis 6.Summary INTRODUCTION

4. Analysis of Articulate Sounds 1.Imperfections of the present Alphabet 2.Production of Sounds 3.Structure of the Alphabet PHONETICS “The tongue, the lips articulate; the throat With soft vibration modulates the note.”

5. International Phonetic Alphabet PHONETICS

6. International Phonetic Alphabet PHONETICS

7. Articulators Jaw Lips Tongue tip Tongue blade Velum Larynx mid-sagittal MRI for vowel /i/ PRODUCTION

8. Letter to George Gray, 1791 “…, as I once made a wooden head, which spoke distinctly p.a. and m. so that it said pam, map, papa, mamma; as plain as most human heads.” PRODUCTION

9. Speaking machines PRODUCTION

10. Functional description Air pressure and reed –voice source (cf. larynx) Ducts –oral cavity –nasal cavity Variable geometry –articulation PRODUCTION

11. Anatomy of the larynx PRODUCTION

12. Voicing/phonation PRODUCTION

13. from Mohammad (2000) Articulation PRODUCTION

14. 20 th -century speech synthesis Review by Klatt (1987) “Good evening radio audience”, Dudley (1939) Text-to-speech (Bell Labs) http://www.bell-labs.com/project/tts/voices.html Festival (Univ. Edinburgh) http://festvox.org/voicedemos.html SYNTHESIS

15. Extract the outline Vocal-tract geometry: SYNTHESIS

16. Discretise the outline Extracted outline: SYNTHESIS

17. Derive the area function Area function: SYNTHESIS

18. Compute acoustic response Vocal-tract transfer function: SYNTHESIS

19. Sounds of English Darwin’s idea of a phonetic alphabet Fundamentals of speech production Darwin’s speaking machine Modern speech synthesis Further information –http://web.bham.ac.uk/p.jackson CONCLUSION Summary