1. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 2 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.

2. HIPPO CAMPUS

3. Hippocampus: The Seahorse

5. Surrounding areas of hippocampus (Clark, 2006) Perirhinal, Entorhinal and Parahippocampal Cortices

6. Hippocampus Malfunctions Severe anterograde amnesia Mild retrograde amnesia Problems navigating space Seizures Early Alzheimer’s Disease

7. Hippocampus Functions Consolidation of STM to LTM Spatial and contextual memory Episodic memory Declarative memory Detection of novel stimuli Neurogenesis

11. Spatial Navigation

12. Time as London taxi driver Volume of hippocampus Spatial Navigation (cont.)

14. Age Differences in Maintenance Processes Age differences increase with increasing memory set size (Anders, Fozard & Lillyquist, 1972)

15. L RL R Rypma, Prabhakaran, Desmond, & Gabrieli, 2001 Psychology and Aging

16. Parahippocampus Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Unimodal and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes) Postrhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex DG CA3 SUB CA1 Trace Link

17. Hippocampal model Relating hippocampal structure to episodic memory function Mode shifting between storage and retrieval through novelty detection Population dynamics

18. Relates parahippocampal structure to episodic memory function Sensory integration ‘Object’ & ‘Context’ input Retrieval mechanisms –free recall –cued recall –recognition Parahippocampal model Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Unimodal and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes) Postrhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex

19. Dentate gyrus CA3 CA1 subiculum

20. Trisynaptic Circuit

21. Circuit of Hippocampus Proper Fimbria fornix (to mammillary bodies)

22. Hippocampus Cells Pyramidal Cells

23. Place cells in hippocampus map out the environment

24. Place cells respond as a function of external cues

25. Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity Short-term plasticities –Facilitation (paired pulse facilitation): 100-200 ms; increased Ca++  increased p(NT release) –Post-tetanic potentiation: 5-10 sec –Depression: hundreds of ms – few minutes; caused by repetitive stimulation causing a decrease in p(NT release).

26. Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity (cont.) Long-term plasticities –Short-term potentiation/depression –Long-term potentiation/depression LTP is a persistent increase in synaptic efficacy that can be rapidly induced

27. Bliss and Lomo, 1973

28. NMDA Receptor “Detects” simultaneous events (“AND” gate) Gated by combination of voltage and ligand –Glu + Gly opens channel to Ca ++, –Magnesium (Mg ++ ) block removed by membrane depolarization Mediates learning and memory via LTP (long term potentiation) –Involved in process of addiction; behavioral sensitization, and drug craving

31. Learning Induced Changes in Dendrites

33. Effects of Increased NMDA Receptors