1. New Turfgrass Diseases in the West & What to Watch for in 2007 Dr. Frank P. Wong Cooperative Extension Specialist University of California Southern Nevada GCSA Education Meeting Silverstone Country Club Las Vegas, NV April 16, 2007

2. Overview What was hot in 2006  Take all patch  Algae New Diseases  Brown Ring Patch of Bluegrasses  Rapid Blight of Bluegrasses  Gray Leaf Spot of Perennial Ryegrass

3. 2006 California Disease Overview 2006 was a busy year for the lab  > 450 diagnostic samples  1024 diagnoses  Wet, cool spring  Hot summer Turfgrass most affected  Annual Bluegrass (361)  Creeping Bentgrass (220)  Perennial Ryegrass (166)  Bermuda + Kikuyugrass (92)

4. 2006 California Disease Overview Most common diseases  Cyanobacteria/algae (158)  ETRI/Root Diseases (181) Summer Patch Take All Spring Dead Spot Decline  Heat Stress (82)  Anthracnose (48)  Rapid Blight (39)  Waitea/Brown Ring Patch (38)

7. 2006 Temperature Morgan Hill Riverside

8. 77 F soil temp is the upper limit for cool season root growth

9. Management of Summer Decline, Take All Patch and other Root Diseases

10. Summer Decline and Take All on Bentgrass Putting Greens Summer decline and take all patch were our #1 problem for creeping bentgrass greens in 2006 A result of the hot dry summer of 2006

11. Summer Decline/Take All on a mixed bentgrass/annual bluegrass green

12. Summer Decline/Take All on creeping bentgrass in southern Caliornia

13. Summer Decline/Heat Stress on a bentgrass green

14. Summer Decline/Take All Patch What happened? A combination of hot weather, warm soil temperatures and take all patch caused a lot of bentgrass to fail Above 77°F soil temps, cool season root growth begins to decline Take all patch results in less functional damaged roots Without good roots, plants can’t keep up with water needs

15. Bentgrass root development at different temperatures

18. Factors Associated with Decline & Take All Patch New greens  Low in antagonistic microorganisms High organic matter and thatch Skipped fall aerification  Shallow rooting and poor root development High soil pH  Bentgrass development is better between pH 5.5 and 6.5  High pH does not allow for micronutrient and manganese availability No preventive fungicide applications in the fall

19. Aerification allows for deeper root development The more roots you have, the more water uptake and tolerance to TAP damage

20. The role of Manganese and pH in root declines Manganese is a important micronutrient associated with cell wall lignification of roots and host defense Prior work has shown that pH affects Mn availability MnAI = 101.7 + 3.75*(Mn ppm) - (15.2 X pH) Gaeumannomyces graminis also grows best at pH 7 Lowering pH and increasing Mn can help suppress TAP Research suggest a soil pH of 6 to 6.2

21. Mn and Mn A.I. for California Greens and Fairways with Good Performance (PACE Turf Research Institute) * locations with various turf species MnAI = 101.7 + 3.75*(Mn ppm) - (15.2 X pH) Hill, Heckman, Clarke, Murphy, 1999 HortScience 34:891-892

22. Rutgers Mn Studies TAP in bentgrass fairways evaluated after application of manganese sulfate Soil pH was at 6.1 to 6.9 Applications made two times per year in April and October Applications made at 0, 2, 4, 6, an 8 lbs per acre Data taken for three years

23. Manganese Effects in TAP reduction (Heckman, Clarke and Murphy - 2003)

24. Purdue Nitrogen source studies Latin and Riecher investigated the effect of ammonium vs non-ammonium based fertilizers on take all patch severity Newly planted bentgrass evaluated Soil acifidified with aluminum sulfate Plots ammended with 1.5 lb fertilizer and or sprayed with 2 fl oz Banner MAXX in the fall

26. Purdue TAP studies

27. Fungicide Applications for TAP By the time you see symptoms of TAP, fungicide applications usually are not effective Target at least one preventive application in the fall when soil temps are 60 to 65°F Target at least one curative application in the spring when soil temps begin to rise, between 60 to 65°F Fungicides – apply at 2+ gallons per 1000 sq ft, 28 day intervals  Banner MAXX ( 2 to 4 fl oz)  Rubigan*** (4 fl oz)  Heritage (0.4 oz or 2 fl oz)

28. Cyanobacteria/Algae on Annual Bluegrass

30. Photo courtesy of PACE Consulting

31. Cyanobacteria & Algae Common on damaged greens Can cause “Yellow Spot”  Nov. 2006 GCM article by Tredway, Stowell and Gelernter Control by  Reducing organic fertilizer use  Increase air movement – reduce shade  Increase water infiltration  Regular chlorothalonil (Daconil) and mancozeb (Fore) applications

32. “New” Diseases of Turfgrass

33. Rapid Blight

34. First found in 1995 in Santa Ana on annual bluegrass in southern California  found on perennial ryegrass in 1999 from Arizona  found on rough bluegrass in 2000 from South Carolina Caused by Labyrinthula terrestris  A marine slime mold  Rare case of a marine organism jumping to terrestrial environments

35. Rapid Blight Spores

36. Geographic and Temporal Distribution of Rapid Blight in California

37. Distribution of Rapid Blight in the US

38. 2003-06 Rapid Blight in California 177 positive diagnoses 170 on Poa annua 2 on Rough Bluegrass 2 on Creeping Bentgrass 3 on Perennial Ryegress

39. California Rapid Blight Almost all diagnoses were from annual bluegrass putting greens Affected rough bluegrass was found in two locations on greens in the Coachella Valley Affected creeping bentgrass greens only found in two Los Angeles locations Affected perennial ryegrass from greens surrounds and fairways

40. Timing of attack on Poa greens 2001 Data PACE-PTRI

41. 2003 Rapid Blight (n=66)

42. 2004 Rapid Blight (n=46)

43. 2005 Rapid Blight (n=26)

44. 2006 Rapid Blight (n=39)

45. Summary ’03-’06: Rapid Blight Timing on P. annua

46. Salt Effects on Rapid Blight Incidence

47. Soil Salinity for Annual Bluegrass Greens Samples 2004 273 RB (-), 84 RB (+)

48. Soil Salinity and Rapid Blight Negative samples  mean: 1.69 dS/m  median: 1.61 dS/m  range: 1.07 to 6.2 dS/m Positive samples  mean: 3.13 dS/m  median: 2.96 dS/m  range: 1.07 to 9.1 dS/m  Most often seen above 2.2 dS/m

49. TDS-meter Monitoring Meter Actual EC 0.00.8 0.11.1 0.21.3 0.31.6 0.41.9 0.52.2 0.62.4 0.72.7 0.83.0 0.93.2 1.03.5 1.13.8 1.24.0

50. High Low Salinity measurements are best made in the root zone, no more than 1-inch deep

51. Anecdotal Observations for Rapid Blight Management on Annual Bluegrass

52. Rapid Blight Appears worst on older greens with push up construction or heavy clay fairways  Lack of water infiltration through soil profile Courses with poor quality water more commonly affected  Salty wells worse than effluent

53. Rapid Blight Appears more frequently under warm temperatures vs very hot  Pathogen appears to grow between 70 and 90F  Increased irrigation under hot weather  Increased transpiration by cool-season turf in moderate temperatures drives salt accumulation and “wicking” in soil

54. Rapid Blight Fungicide applications appear to arrest epidemics, but they return if the salt is not leached out  7 – 10 days of activity without leaching  Management solely by fungicide applications not recommended Resistance to QoIs (Insignia, Compass)?  Likely if fungicides are repeatedly used  Tank mix with mancozeb  Don’t use them as the only management option

55. Grey Leaf Spot (Pyricularia grisea)

58. GLS on kikuyugrass was seen commonly in southern California

59. Grey Leaf Spot: Development Fungus overwinters as mycelia and spores in debris Reactivated at temperatures above 65°F Needs at least 3-4 hrs of leaf wetness at temperatures above 65°F to infect Can cause disease in as little as 3-4 days Early infections often go unnoticed Rapid turf loss at 80 to >90°F with high humidity Threat index: Min RH + Max Temp > 140

68. 2006 Distribution of Gray Leaf Spot

69. Genetic Analyses of Gray Leaf Spot Populations Big question: where did GLS come from California and Nevada isolates of GLS compared to populations from the eastern U.S.  Northeast – perennial ryegrass  Southeast – St. Augustinegrass, Fescue, weedy hosts AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) used to “DNA fingerprint” isolates

71. 0.1 SCHB 15.1 SCHB 15.2 PVCC 4.1 AVFS 12.1 LJCC 1.1 LJCC 2.1 BVGC 1 BVGC 3 BVGC 4 PHGC 15 PHGC 2 PHGC 14 PPBS 1 PPBS 3 SSCC 22 -1 SSCC 22 -2 SHCC 10 -2 SHCC 2 -3 TIPI 2 TIPI 4 -1 TIPI 4 -3 VCOM 1-3 VCOM 2 1 VCOM 3-- 1 VA 13-6 WV 17-5 NY 25-3 PA 4-3 KS 1-2 MD 1-1 NJ 1-2 UPGMA EcoRI-AA + MseI-CA Scored 13 polymorphis ms Kikyuygrass and Perennial Ryegrass Isolates Perennial Ryegrass Isolates

72. 0.1 SCHB 15.1 SCHB 15.2 PVCC 4.1 AVFS 12.1 LJCC 1.1 LJCC 2.1 BVGC 1 BVGC 3 BVGC 4 PHGC 15 PHGC 2 PHGC 14 PPBS 1 PPBS 3 SSCC 22 -1 SSCC 22 -2 SHCC 10 -2 SHCC 2 -3 TIPI 2 TIPI 4 -1 TIPI 4 -3 VCOM 1-3 VCOM 2 1 VCOM 3-- 1 VA 13-6 WV 17-5 NY 25-3 PA 4-3 KS 1-2 MD 1-1 NJ 1-2 UPGMA EcoRI-AA + MseI-CA Scored 13 polymorphis ms Kikyuygrass and Perennial Ryegrass Isolates Perennial Ryegrass Isolates Eastern US Ryegrass

73. 0.1 SCHB 15.1 SCHB 15.2 PVCC 4.1 AVFS 12.1 LJCC 1.1 LJCC 2.1 BVGC 1 BVGC 3 BVGC 4 PHGC 15 PHGC 2 PHGC 14 PPBS 1 PPBS 3 SSCC 22 -1 SSCC 22 -2 SHCC 10 -2 SHCC 2 -3 TIPI 2 TIPI 4 -1 TIPI 4 -3 VCOM 1-3 VCOM 2 1 VCOM 3-- 1 VA 13-6 WV 17-5 NY 25-3 PA 4-3 KS 1-2 MD 1-1 NJ 1-2 UPGMA EcoRI-AA + MseI-CA Scored 13 polymorphis ms Kikyuygrass and Perennial Ryegrass Isolates Perennial Ryegrass Isolates

74. Figure 1C F129 L tolerant isolates found at 6 locations G143A at three locations No resistance to benzimidazoles Resistance status R R R R R R R K K

75. Sensitive Resistant 0 ppm 1 ppm AZX 100 ppm AZX

76. Gray Leaf Spot Management Choose tolerant varieties  NTEP rated GLS-tolerant varieties Avoid over fertilization with nitrogen  Use less than 0.5 lb per 1000 sq ft per month in the summer Irrigate as needed, but avoid over saturating areas  Decrease shading and improve air movement  Increase water infiltration in soil

77. Gray Leaf Spot Management Fungicides at 21 to 28 day intervals starting mid-July  QoIs Be aware of resistance  SI-contact tank mixes  Clearys 3336 + Contacts Be aware of new label restrictions  Fairway priced pre-packs may be a option Tartan (Bayleton + Compass) Headway (Banner MAXX + Heritage) Instrata (Banner MAXX + Medallion + Daconil) Concert (Banner EC + Daconil)

78. Waitea (Brown Ring) Patch on annual bluegrass, Palos Verdes, CA

79. A New Rhizoctonia Disease: Brown Ring Patch Very Yellow Patch – like in appearance Unlike Yellow Patch, it does not go away at high temperatures above 75F Causes necrosis in wet or hot weather Not controlled by some fungicides Long periods of recovery (14-28 days) in some cases Affects both annual and rough bluegrass

80. Waitea circinata var circinata

81. DiseaseTeleomorph Name Current/ Proposed Anamorph Name Old Anamorph name Yellow PatchCeratobasidium cereale Rhizoctonia cerealis Brown PatchThanatephorus cucumeris Rhizoctonia solani Sheath and Leaf Spot Waitea circinata var oryzae Rhizoctonia circinata var oryzae Rhizoctonia oryzae Sheath and Leaf Spot Waitea circinata var zeae Rhizoctonia circinata var zeae Rhizoctonia zeae Brown Ring Patch*/ Waitea Patch** Waitea circinata var circinata Rhizoctonia circinata var circinata*** none

83. ITS Sequencing Results DMLV 1.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 164 KRCC 1.1 TATTACT -TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 168 AVCC12.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 165 MGCC2.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 162 BSCC17.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 164 EMCC4.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 163 TRGC17.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 166 Z1cir TATTACT- TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 134 Z41cir TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 134 Z4cir TATTACT - TGTGGATATTGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 134 M008zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATATGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - - CTCGTACTCTGTTGAAGC 140 M009zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATGTGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - CTCCTACTCTGTTGAAGC 139 C-504zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATGTGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - CTCCTACTCTGTTGAAGC 140 M003zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATATGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - - CTCGTACTCTGTTGAAGC 140 Ro36ory TACTCACTTGTGGACGCGAC -GTGTGGAAGTCTTCACTGACATTCCCCCTATGCTGAAGC 143 Ro119ory TACTCACTTGTGGACGCAG - -ACGTGGAAGTCTTCACCGACATCTCCACTCTGCTGAAGC 143 Rottsory TACTCGCTTGTGGACGCAG - -ATGTGGAAGTCTTCACT GACATTTCCACTCTGCTGAAAC 142 ClustalW 1.8 Isolates showed 99-100% sequence similarity to previously published Waitea circinata var circinata sequences (Z1, Z4, Z41), confirming identity R. oryzae R. zeae W. circinata var circinata

84. Phylogenetic Analysis Z4cir KRCC 1.1 BSCC 17.1 Z1cir EMCC 1.1 TRGC 1.1 MGCC 1.1 DMLV 1.1 TRGC 1.1 AVCC 12.1 EDHG 1.1 C-301ory Ro-119ory R-ottory Ro-36ory M008zea C-504zea M009zea OCGC 1.1 1 change isolate ITS sequences compared using PAUP v. 4 W. circinata var circinata R. oryzae R. zeae

91. The pathogen degrades thatch, resulting in sunken rings on greens

92. Host Range of Wcc

93. Wcc vs Poa annua, 10 days after infection at 90F, 80%RH

94. Wcc vs “Penncross”, 10 days after infection at 90F, 80%RH

95. Geographic Distribution of Wcc

96. Distribution of Disease in the West 2006 Over 50 locations in the western US reported yellow rings at air temperatures between 50 and 90 º F

97. Yellow Rings in Ohio from an annual bluegrass green in June

98. Screening of Isolates from the U.S.

99. Distribution of W. circinata var circinata 2005-2006 in the U.S.

100. Rhizoctonia Diseases: Observed Periods of Activity Yellow Patch – Rhizoctonia cerealis  50 to 65 F  only 2 locations in CA, at below 55 F Sheath Spot – Rhizoctonia zeae  80 to 95 F  4 locations: 80 to 90 F Brown Ring Patch – W. circinata  50+ locations: 50 to 90 F

101. Fungicidal Control of W. circinata var circinata

104. Waitea control trial at Torrey Pines GC Symptoms appeared last week of April with 65 to 70F air temps 2 oz Banner MAXX applied without much result Curative applications made on May 12, rated May 19 and May 25  2 gal / 1000 sq ft  6 x 6 ft plots, 4 replications

106. Torrey Pines GC Trial Results % Disease May 12May 25change Check313.75a358% Clearys 3336 50WP 4 oz5.2511.25ab114% Compass 50WG 0.25 oz5.755.5bc-4% Daconil Ultrex 82.5WG 3.25 oz3.252.5c-23% 26 GT 2.1SC 4 fl oz4.753.25c-32% Insignia 20WG 0.9 oz6.53.5c-46% Banner MAXX 1.3EC 2 fl oz8.750.75c-91% Medallion 50WP 0.5 oz5.50.25c-95% Endorse 2.5WP 4 oz8.250c-100% Heritage 50WG 0.4 oz8.250c-100% Prostar 70WP 3 oz40c-100%

108. Greenhouse Trials with Wcc Disease Severity (0-10)Disease Control PreventiveCurativePreventiveCurative FungicideAvgSDAvgSDAvg Prostar 70WP 3.0 oz0.0 6.10.8100%39% Heritage 50WG 0.40 oz0.0 6.30.7100%37% Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz0.0 8.01.3100%20% Banner MAXX 1.3EC 2.0 fl oz0.0 2.80.4100%72% Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz0.0 4.00.9100%60% Medallion 50WP 0.50 oz0.10.22.30.399%77% Daconil 82.5WG 3.25 oz0.0 8.11.0100%19% Water only10.00.010.00.00%

109. Brown Ring Patch Management in Japan Treat the disease like Fairy Ring Fungicides  Prostar  Medallion  Heritage  Apply in adequate water volume Manage thatch  Physical removal  Breakdown with biologicals

110. Rhizoctonia Diseases Yellow Patch not as prevalent in CA as previously documented Yellow Patch may only be a very cold weather disease If Yellow Patch – like symptoms are developing at > 65F, it may not be simple  > 85F is likely R. zeae  > 70F is likely W. circinata

111. Rhizoctonia Diseases W. circinata var circinata is a “new” pathogen of annual bluegrass greens  W. circinata appears to have a wider temperature than expected and its control could be more problematic  isolates can damage creeping bentgrass Brown Ring Patch aka Waitea Patch Identified in NY, MA, CT, IL, IN, PA and MD

112. Rhizoctonia Diseases Wcc appears to be sensitive to 26GT, Banner MAXX and Prostar in vitro Daconil, Compass, Insignia, Banner MAXX, 26 GT, Prostar, Heritage, Medallion and Endorse all provided control in one trial Multiple applications may be needed Applications must have good crown and thatch penetration

113. Questions???? Contact Info frank.wong@ucr.edu plantpathology.ucr.edu