1. H H C H H CHH H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H HH Methane Gas C:H = 1:4 Typical Oil Typical Coal C:H = 1:2 C:H = 2:1 H H H H H C H C CC CC CC HH C C C C HC C C C C C H H C C C C C CH Carbon-Hydrogen Composition of Fossil Fuels

2. Source: Ausubel, 1996, after Marchetti, 1985

3. Falling Global Carbon Intensity of Primary Energy 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 18501870189019101930195019701990201020302050 Kg C/GJ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Data sources: IIASA, BP (1965-2001), CDIAC http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm

4. USA: Hydrogen Production, 1971-1999 Semi-log scale 10 4 10 5 10 6 196519701975198019851990199520002005 millions of cubic feet Source: N. M. Victor and J.H. Ausubel, 2002

5. Chernobyl, 1990

6. Supergrid Energy Pipeline MgB 2 Electrical Insulation Thermal Insulation Vacuum Liquid H 2 @ 21 K ± 50,000 V dc 100,000 A 10 GW Source: P. Grant, EPRI

7. N. M. Victor and J. H. Ausubel, 2001 Uranium inventories at US utilities per kWh generated vs. cumulative electricity generation from nuclear, learning rates 1984-1999

8. Gas consumed at US utilities per kWh generated vs. cumulative electricity generation from gas, Learning rates 1920-2002 1 10 100 1,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000100,000,000 GWh cu.ft./kWh 1920 1920-1930 LR=11.6% 1930-1950 LR=4.9% 1950-1970 LR=8.5% 1970-2002 LR=8% 2002 1930 1950 1970 Source: N. M. Victor & J. H. Ausubel, 2004

9. Coal consumed at US utilities per kWh Generated vs. cumulative electricity generation from coal, Learning rates 1920-2002 Source: N. M. Victor & J. H. Ausubel, 2004

10. Source: N. Victor & J. Ausubel, 2003 Hydrocarbon fuels ranked by heat value

12. Major fuels ranked by heat value Uranium enriched to 3.5% in LWR Firewood Brown Coals Crude Oils LPG Natural Gas Hydrogen Natural uranium in FBR Natural uranium in CANDU Natural uranium in LWR with U & Pu recycle Natural uranium in LWR 10 0 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 01234567891011121314151617181920 MJ/kg Black Coals Source: N. Victor and J. Ausubel, 2003