1. The cranial nerves

2. Central Nervous System - Brain Identify the anatomical location of each major brain area. Describe the functions of the major brain areas including specialized subregions.

3. Major brain areas Cerebellum: * motor coordination * balance Brain stem: * midbrain * pons * medulla Reticular formation arousal/sleep/wake Thalamus: sensory relay station Hypothalamus autonomic NS Cerebrum * cortex * basal ganglia * limbic system

4. Cerebral Cortex: Perception of senses, association, reasoning, information integration, planning, directing voluntary behavior

5. Figure 48.25 Primary motor and somatosensory areas of the human cerebral cortex

7. Map this pathway as a simple afferent to CNS to efferent path, naming the neural structures involved: “You feel the desk and move your hand away as soon as you feel the desk.”

8. Touch receptors Somatic motor nerve to muscle somatosensory cortex to primary motor cortex sensory neuron thalamus spinal cord

9. The white matter consists of ascending (green) and descending (red) axons while the gray matter contains primarily dendrites and cell soma. Each segment has paired spinal nerves. 31 total  Dorsal root - sensory  Ventral root - motor Spinal Cord

10. Basal nuclei – control of movement Limbic System –Cingulate gyrus – role in emotion –Hippocampus – learning & memory –Amygdala – emotion & memory Cerebrum - basal nuclei and limbic system Figure 9-13: The limbic system

11. Thalamus – relay & sensory integration Hypothalamus –Homeostatic control centers –Motivated behavior control –Hunger, stress –Thirst: body osmolarity –Autonomic NS control –Emotional input –Circadian rhythms –Tropic for endocrine Diencephalon -thalamus & hypothalamus

12. Complex function: Language Figure 9-23: Cerebral processing of spoken and visual language

14. Damage to Broca's Area (Broca's aphasia) - prevents a person from producing speech - person can understand language - words are not properly formed - speech is slow and slurred. Damage to Wernicke's Area (Wernicke's aphasia) loss of word understanding person can speak clearly, but the words make no sense.

15. Cerebrum Figure 9-11: The basal nucleiFigure 9-16: Cerebral lateralization