1. SERIAL POSITION EFFECT1
Primacy
effect 2
Recency
effect 20 3 4

2. Serial position effect
Primacy effect = only a few words to focus on at beginning, so you are able to have time to put these in memory (are in LTM)
Recency effect = last few words fresh in memory (are in STM)
i.e., primacy effect measures LTM
i.e., recency effect measures STM
Modal model interpretation

3. Increase rate of presentation
If we sped up the word reading rate, what would happen?
Primacy effect: should decrease because you have less time to work (put them in memory) on the words
Recency effect: should be no effect (storage in STM based on number of items)
In experiments, predictions hold

4. Put a delay after last word before recall
Predictions based on A-S Model
Primacy effect: should not be affected because these items are in LTM
Recency effect: should be diminished because items will be forgotten
Actual experiment: supports predictions of A-S Model

5. Use recency to measure STM capacity
Generally, it is between 2 and 7 items in experiments

6. Encoding processes rehearsal (repetition)
Find meaning in items (meaningfulness)
Relate items to each other (association)
 there are a variety of processes for encoding (aka, control processes)

7. Retrieval processes E.g., serial search in STM Cases of search in LTM
Usually, fast and easy
But sometimes, you consciously search your memory

8. TOT examples A professional mapmaker = cartographer
A rotating device used for stabilizing ships at sea = gyroscope
Designed to induce a state where you know that you know the word, but you can’t recall the word at that moment (Tip-of-the-Tongue State, Brown & McNeil, 1966)
Induces retrieval or search process

9. Typical search strategies in TOT state
Remember first letter but not the whole word
Remember a sound of part of the word (what it sounds like)
Try to visualize