1. 1 MET 112 Global Climate Change MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11 Climate Change: Connections Menglin Jin San Jose State University Outline  Ozone Depletion  Water - Film  Perspectives

2. Human activity Climate and Weather Climate Change Science Understanding Policy Maker successful example is Response to Ozone Hole

3. 3 MET 112 Global Climate Change Where are the highest concentrations of ozone located? 1.In large cities 2.The stratosphere 3.The troposphere 4.Near volcanoes

4. Ozone Depletion Topics  History of Ozone Depletion  The Ozone Hole: what, where, why?  Ozone into the future

5. 5 MET 112 Global Climate Change Early concerns of ozone depletion

6. 6 MET 112 Global Climate Change History of Ozone Depletion: Connection between human and nature  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s and 50’s as: –  1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere. –Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes: –1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s can destroy ozone in the stratosphere. –CFC contain chlorine (Cl) –

7. 7 MET 112 Global Climate Change History of Ozone Depletion: connection between human and nature  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s and 50’s as: –  1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere. –Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes: –1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s can destroy ozone in the stratosphere. –CFC contain chlorine (Cl) – Refrigerants, propellants, fire retardants –(10’s to 100’s of years) Chlorine can destroy ozone rapidly

9. 9 MET 112 Global Climate Change Ozone Hole Recipe Ingredients:  Chlorine gas  Cold Temperatures (~-80C) Instructions:  Allow cold temperatures to form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (1-2 weeks).  Allow time for polar stratospheric clouds to convert chlorine gas into ozone destroying chemicals. (1 month)  Bake ingredients with sunlight.  bingo, a delicious ozone hole! Science interpretation  Chlorine gas is abundant in atmosphere due to CFC’s  Cold Temperatures (~-80C) only occur over Antarctica during the cold winter.  Polar Stratospheric Clouds allow ozone friendly chlorine to be transformed into ozone destroying chlorine.  Ozone depletion then starts when sun returns to Antarctica in the spring  Ozone hole grows from late August through till October.

10. 10 MET 112 Global Climate Change What is being done about ozone depletion?  Montreal Protocol ~ (1988) international agreement to reduce ozone depleting chemicals  Further amendments accelerated the phase out. –Developed countries have switched to HCFC’s (more ozone friendly!) –

11. 11 MET 112 Global Climate Change What is being done about ozone depletion?  Montreal Protocol ~ (1988) international agreement to reduce ozone depleting chemicals  Further amendments accelerated the phase out. –Developed countries have switched to HCFC’s (more ozone friendly!) –Developing countries have until 2004/5 to phase out CFC’s.

12. 12 MET 112 Global Climate Change The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsibletreatyozone layer for ozone depletion.ozone depletion The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989 followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989.September 161987 January 11989 Montreal Protocol

13. 13 MET 112 Global Climate Change Is the Montreal Protocol working? Seems to be!!! Recent observations indicate that chlorine is beginning to decline in the atmosphere. Kyoto protocol uses similar approach Start off with small achievable steps Further amendments accelerate reductions

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15. 15 MET 112 Global Climate Change What are predictions for the future?  Model simulations suggest: – atmospheric chlorine will return to pre-80’s level __________________. –Uncertainties still remain:  ____________________

16. 16 MET 112 Global Climate Change  Model simulations suggest: – atmospheric chlorine will return to pre-80’s level __________________. –Uncertainties still remain:  ____________________ In next 50 years or so Influence of global warming Phase out of CFC’s A slow ozone recovery should follow decreasing chlorine concentrations!!! What are predictions for the future?

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18. 18 MET 112 Global Climate Change What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?  No direct connection between these environmental issues.  Global warming produces: – 

19. 19 MET 112 Global Climate Change What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?  No direct connection between these environmental issues.  Global warming produces: –Tropospheric warming & –Stratospheric cooling  However: Global warming may enhance ozone depletion

20. 20 MET 112 Global Climate Change What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?  An increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat and thus –The stratosphere tends to cool (stratospheric cooling)  Therefore, if the stratosphere cools, then  Ozone hole chemistry –

21. 21 MET 112 Global Climate Change What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?  An increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat and thus –The stratosphere tends to cool (stratospheric cooling)  Therefore, if the stratosphere cools, then  Ozone hole chemistry –PSCs will likely increase –So slightly more ozone depletion  Global warming will delay recovery of ozone layer

22. 22 MET 112 Global Climate Change Over the last 100 years, global tropospheric ozone levels have been 1.increasing 2.decreasing 3.nearly constant

23. 23 MET 112 Global Climate Change The chemical that triggers rapid ozone loss associated with CFCs is 1.Carbon Dioxide 2.Nitrogen dioxide 3.Methane 4.Chlorine

24. 24 MET 112 Global Climate Change The Antarctic ozone hole develops during 1.SH Spring 2.SH Summer 3.NH Spring 4.NH Summer

25. 25 MET 112 Global Climate Change Global ozone values are expected to recover in the next 1.10 years 2.30 years 3.50 years 4.100 years

26. 26 MET 112 Global Climate Change Necessities for life Air Water Water Food Food

27. 27 MET 112 Global Climate Change Drinkable Water (Freshwater)  Of all the water in the world, 97% is sea water (salt)  Freshwater occupies only 3% of the Earth’s water  Of the freshwater, 77% of freshwater is locked up as ice.  Water is the most important natural resources in the world.

28. 28 MET 112 Global Climate Change Drinkable Water (Freshwater)  Today, over 1 billion people don’t have access to safe drinking water Two Sudanese boys drink with specially fitted plastic tubes provided by the Carter Center to guard against the water-borne larvae which are responsible for guinea worm disease.

29. 29 MET 112 Global Climate Change Drinkable Water (Freshwater)  The predictions of climate change suggest that access to fresh water will be made more difficult –Changes in location and quantity of precipitation –Raising sea levels

30. 30 MET 112 Global Climate Change Economic interest Water "One of the world's great business opportunities. It promises to be to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th." - Fortune Magazine

31. 31 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture Summary  Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern.  The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___________).  The Ozone hole develops during _______ over Antarctica.  Global ozone trends are ___________ except in the tropics,  Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years. Stratospheric ozone: decreasing, tropospheric ozone increasing

32. 32 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture Summary  Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern.  The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___ chlorine ________).  The Ozone hole develops during __ spring _____ over Antarctica.  Global ozone trends are __ negative _________ except in the tropics,  Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years. cold temps 50 Stratospheric ozone: increasing, tropospheric ozone decreasing

33. Human activity Climate and Weather Climate Change Science Understanding Policy Maker successful example is Response to Ozone Hole

34. Your opinion…

35. 35 MET 112 Global Climate Change Global warming is under way? 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 0 of 250

36. 36 MET 112 Global Climate Change The US should sign the Kyoto Protocol 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree

37. Government should act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions even if it means raising energy prices 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 0 of 250

38. If you were going to help mitigate global warming, which change would you feel most comfortable making. 0 of 250 1.Taking public transport more 2.Paying more for gasoline 3.Altering your food choices

39. 39 MET 112 Global Climate Change Global warming will affect your life? 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 0 of 250

40. I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $0.05 per gallon to improve energy efficiency 1.Yes 2.No 0 of 250

41. I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $0.25 per gallon to improve energy efficiency 1.Yes 2.No 0 of 250

42. I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $1.00 per gallon to improve energy efficiency 1.Yes 2.No 0 of 250

43. To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to reduce the number of miles I drive and fly 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 0 of 250

44. 44 MET 112 Global Climate Change To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to change my diet 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 0 of 250

45. 45 MET 112 Global Climate Change To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I will encourage my friends and family to reduce energy use 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 0 of 250

46. 46 MET 112 Global Climate Change To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I feel compelled to do whatever I can to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Neutral 4.Disagree 5.Strongly Disagree 0 of 250

47. 47 MET 112 Global Climate Change Local Action: Does It Make a Difference? “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed it’s the only thing that ever has. -- Margaret Mead.

48. 48 MET 112 Global Climate Change Purchasing (new concept!)  Consider the implication when you buy something. –Was the product produced in an environmentally friendly manner. –Were the people who made the product treated fairly. –Do the values of the company selling the product match your own. –Low price doesn’t always mean the best deal for everybody…

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51. 51 MET 112 Global Climate Change Goal of education Critical Thinking So don’t be afraid to contemplate, examine and analyze…or in simple words…think.

52. 52 MET 112 Global Climate Change Tips to reduce  Transport –Drive less –Public transport –Carpool –Do errands on one trip –Don’t idle car –Check tire pressure  Residential –Check home insulation –Turn off electrical appliances (lights, TV, computers) when not in use –Replace standard light bulbs with low energy bulbs –Monitor your home heating/cooling by using thermostats

53. 53 MET 112 Global Climate Change Tips (continued)  Reduce your waste –Consider the packaging when purchasing goods. –Reuse bags –Recycle  Purchasing Power –Buy energy efficient light bulbs –Consider fuel economy when purchasing a vehicle

54. 54 MET 112 Global Climate Change A child enjoys clean water For future