1. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments1 2. Non-recreational use of wilderness and wildland Lecture outline: n Hunting and fishing n Forests and forest products n Water resources n Minerals, oil and gas n Agriculture n Renewable energy n Workshop: group web poster Q&A

2. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments2 1. Introduction n Remember… - anthropocentric view - value based on use - most threats to wilderness are from human use n Wilderness use… - traditionally as the pristine and original resource - source of materials: game (food and pelts) raw materials (timber, minerals, oil and gas) clean water supply - source of land

3. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments3 1. Introduction (cont’d) n Wilderness as a playground - hunting and fishing for sport - wildlife watching - eco-tourism - walking and camping (wilderness trips) - mountaineering, etc. - other wilderness dependent sports n Pharmaceuticals n Renewable energy - HEP - wind

4. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments4 2. Hunting and fishing n Long history - earliest humans to present day - survival (hunter-gather) to modern sport http://www.extreme- wilderness.com/hunting_pictures.htmlhttp://www.extreme- wilderness.com/hunting_pictures.html

5. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments5 “We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes. I realized then, and have known ever since, that there was something new to me in those eyes - something known only to her and to the mountain. I was young then, and full of trigger- itch; I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer, that no wolves would mean hunters' paradise. But after seeing the green fire die, I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view. “ Aldo Leopold (1949)

6. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments6 2. Hunting and fishing (cont’d) n Modern wildlife management - E.g US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) - http://www.fws.gov/ http://www.fws.gov/ - “working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people”

7. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments7 Question: To what extent do you support our right to hunt for food or for sport? and Is there scope for hunting/fishing as a wilderness dependent activity?

8. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments8 3. Forestry and forest products n Use of wilderness as a source of timber and related products n Managed vs “unmanaged” - Sustainability? - E.g. rainforest loss

9. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments9 3. Forestry and forest products (cont’d) n US Forest Service - http://www.fs.fed.us/ http://www.fs.fed.us/ - Est. 1905 to manage public lands in national forests and grasslands - "to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run." - 193 million acres under multiple use model

10. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments10 4. Water resources n Wilderness as a source of clean water - supply to urban areas - protected catchments/watersheds pollution free often forested (retention capacity) - USGS http://water.usgs.gov/index.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/index.html

11. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments11 Case study: Mapping historic trends n Methodology - Date tagging of contemporary GIS data layers by visual comparison 1.Visually compare sequence of maps 2.Add date attribute field to GIS data layer describing when features appear – Map wild land attributes at discrete time intervals: Remoteness (distance and time) Visual intrusion by human artefacts (roads, hill tracks, reservoirs, power lines and plantation forestry

12. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments12

13. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments13 Data n Northwest Scotland - Affric-Kintail-Knoydart area n Old and contemporary Ordnance Survey maps - 1 st series 1850’s onwards available as scanned images (GeoTIFFs) - Three dates: 1860’s, 1950’s and 2004 - Now available online via Edina Digimap http://www.edina.ac.uk/digi map/ http://www.edina.ac.uk/digi map/

14. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments14 Example historic data 1866 2004 1866 –2004 overlay

15. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments15 Time sequence: human features in database n Visual inspect shows obvious increase in human artefacts

16. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments16 Time sequence: simple road/track buffer Changes in distance from nearest road or hill track

17. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments17 Time sequence: road/track buffer including barriers Changes in distance from nearest road or hill track

18. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments18 Time sequence: remoteness as walking time Changes in remoteness by walking time

19. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments19 5. Minerals, oil and gas n Wilderness as a source of mineral wealth - Again, a long history Man’s fascination with mineral wealth E.g. Gold Rushes in North America E.g. Black gold

20. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments20 Case study: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge n BigOil wants to tap the oil potential of the North Slope of Alaska, home to the Porcupine Caribou Herd - http://arctic.fws.gov/ http://arctic.fws.gov/ - http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/anwr preface.html http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/anwr preface.html - http://www.anwr.org/ http://www.anwr.org/ - http://takeaction.worldwildlife.org/ http://takeaction.worldwildlife.org/

21. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments21 6. Agriculture n Agriculture requires land - driving force behind many wilderness losses E.g. early forest clearance for agriculture E.g. rainforest for agricultural land (from slash-and-burn to Macdonald’s) E.g. ploughing up prairie

22. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments22 7. Renewable energy n The single biggest threat to wildland in Britain today - HEP (historic) - Wind farms

23. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments23 6. Renewable energy (cont’d) n Huge number of online resources: - http://www.bwea.com/ http://www.bwea.com/ - http://www.yes2wind.com/ http://www.yes2wind.com/ - http://www.rspb.org.uk/policy/windfarms/ind ex.asp http://www.rspb.org.uk/policy/windfarms/ind ex.asp - http://www.countryguardian.net/ http://www.countryguardian.net/ - http://www.wilderness- trust.org/Wind%20Farms%20Action%20Plan.p df http://www.wilderness- trust.org/Wind%20Farms%20Action%20Plan.p df - http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/polstat/ar- ps01.pdf http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/polstat/ar- ps01.pdf - http://www.mwtlewis.org.uk/index.htm http://www.mwtlewis.org.uk/index.htm - http://www.viewsofscotland.org/ http://www.viewsofscotland.org/ - http://www.saveourhills.org/ http://www.saveourhills.org/ - http://www.mountaineering- scotland.org.uk/windfarms/wf_links.html http://www.mountaineering- scotland.org.uk/windfarms/wf_links.html

24. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments24 Question How do we solve the renewables vs wildland conflict?

25. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments25 Workshop Group web poster Q&A

26. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments26 Task n Research and read up on the wind farm conflict facing the British uplands - What are the issues? - What are the arguments for and against? - How do wind farms affect wildland? n Use the web links in previous slides as a starting point

27. Lecture 6GEOG3320 – Management of Wilderness Environments27 Next week... 7. Wild futures n Re-wilding n Re-introductions n Current threats to wilderness and wildland n Workshop: wind farm consultation exercise