1. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU1 Neutrino Geophysics in Hawaii Presentation by Steve Dye Associate Professor of Physics Hawaii Pacific University January 20, 2005

2. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU2 Outline of Presentation  Neutrinos  Geophysics  Neutrino Geophysics  HANOHANO

3. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU3 Neutrinos  Discovery  Place in nature  Properties  Detection –Astrophysics –Nuclear reactors http://www.flyingneutrinos.com

4. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU4 Discovery of Neutrino  W. Pauli proposes undetected particle in β-decay (1931)  E. Fermi develops theory of β-decay with “little neutral one” (1934)  C. Cowan and F. Reines detect neutrinos at nuclear reactors (1950's) http://www.ps.uci.edu/physics/reinesphotos.html

5. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU5 Neutrino’s Place in Nature http://www.particleadventure.org/particleadventure/frameless/chart.html

6. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU6 Neutrino Properties  Come in three flavours –e, μ, τ  No electric charge  Stable  Weak interactions  Massive (slightly)  Flavour oscillations

7. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU7 Neutrino Detection http://www.ps.uci.edu/physics/reinesphotos.html http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/doc/sk/photo/normal.html http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jcv/IMBdiverbig.jpg

8. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU8 Neutrino Astrophysics  Neutrinos are excellent astrophysical probes –Stable, uncharged, weakly-interacting  Low energy (eV scale) –Detection of “Big Bang” neutrinos difficult  Medium energy (MeV scale) –Detection of stellar neutrinos established  High energy (TeV to EeV scale) –Detection of extragalactic neutrinos progressing

9. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU9 Neutrino Astrophysics- SN1987a http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jcv/imb/imbp5.html

10. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU10 http://elvis.phys.lsu.edu/svoboda/superk/cossun.pdf http://elvis.phys.lsu.edu/svoboda/superk/sun.gif

11. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU11 Neutrinos from Nuclear Reactors http://www.insc.anl.gov/pwrmaps/map/world_map.php

12. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU12 Underground Neutrino Detector  KamLAND in Japan –1000 tonnes of liquid scintillator –~2000 PMTs –Rate in 400 tonnes ~1/(2 days) from reactors at 180 km

13. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU13 Anti-Neutrino Detection from John G. Learned “Monitoring All Earth Reactors”

14. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU14 Neutrinos in Japan  KamLand signal primarily neutrinos from nuclear reactors  Neutrinos from Earth detected! Raghavan hep-ex/0208038

15. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU15 Summary Point #1  Neutrinos exist with measured properties  Neutrinos carry information from deep inside stars, galaxies, and Earth  Neutrinos of energy ~1 MeV can be detected using proven techniques

16. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU16 Geophysics http://www.solarviews.com/cap/earth/earthfg2.htm

17. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU17 Seismology  Earthquake waves –Pressure waves P (primary) waves –Shear waves S (secondary) waves  Solids –Transmit P and S waves  Fluids –Transmit only P waves http://www.mantleplumes.org/Energetics.html

18. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU18 Earth’s Interior http://mantleplumes.org/Energetics.html

19. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU19 Geodynamo  Magnetic field –Dipole –Convection in outer core –Rotation of Earth  Magnetic field required for life to exist –Deflects radiation –Helps retain atmosphere http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~glatz/geodynamo/html

20. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU20 Global Heat Flow http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/IHFC/heatflow.html >24,000 field measurements

21. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU21 Earth Radioactivity  Long-lived radioactive isotopes  Decay of heavy elements heats the Earth  How much heat and from where are the main questions  U/Th/K distribution in the core, mantle, crust http://neutrino2004.in2p3.fr/slides/monday/fiorentini.pdf

22. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU22 Summary Point #2  Much to be learned in geophysics –Composition of mantle and core –Origin of Earth –Source of heat flow –Mechanism of geodynamo

23. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU23 Geo-neutrinos  Anti-neutrinos from the Earth  Arise from decay of radioactive elements (U+Th+K) in crust, mantle, and maybe core  Detection above 1.8 MeV proven (U+Th) Domogatsky et al., hep-ph/0409069 Rothschild, Chen and Calaprice: nucl-ex/9710001

24. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU24 Geo-neutrinos  Contributions from continental crust, oceanic crust, and mantle  Possible observational sites –Japan –Italy –Canada –Russia –Curacao –Hawaii

25. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU25 Geo-neutrinos at Curacao  Dutch project –Long, narrow underground shafts –Instrumented with nuclear detectors –Strives to measure neutrino direction  Goal: Neutrino tomography of Earth R.J. de Meijer EARTH Info-001

26. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU26 Anti-Neutrinos from the Core  J. Marvin Herndon  Breeder (fission) reactor deep within inner core  Explains heat flow, geomagnetic field variability, He3/He4  Power output 3-10 TW  Observable through neutrino emission

27. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU27 Geo-reactor neutrinos  Test of geo-reactor hypothesis requires special location for clear signal –Far from man-made reactors –Far from continental crust  Hawaii is excellent site Raghavan hep-ex/0208038

28. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU28 HANOHANO (Hawaiian for magnificent)  Hawaii Anti-Neutrino Observatory  New initiative in Hawaii for neutrino geophysics project  Objectives are: – Measure geo-neutrinos from mantle and U/Th –Test geo-reactor hypothesis  Method: –Deploy KamLAND-like detector in the deep (4-5 km) ocean near Hawaii and operate for about 1 year  Funding: –Submitting proposal to CEROS next week for design study –If successful, propose CEROS follow-on for prototype testing –Next go for order of $100M from NSF for full detector

29. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU29 Deep Ocean Technology  Hawaii-2 Observatory –Deployed in 1998 –Another off Japan ’93  Neutrino detector possible in 3-5 years http://oceanusmag.whoi.edu/images/v42n2-chave1en.jpg

30. 20 January 2005Steve Dye, HPU30 Summary and Conclusion  Neutrino detection is a viable (only?) method for learning what is inside Earth  Various neutrino geophysics projects being considered around the globe  Hawaii is an excellent site for a project  Deep ocean technology sufficiently advanced  HANOHANO