1. OUR ENERGY FUTURE: UPDATED SC 203 January 23, 2008 John Bush

2. TECHNOLOGY UPDATE Energy Sources/Conversion Energy/Power Transmission Energy Applications

3. FOSSIL FUELS Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Carbon Sequestration

6. GETTING RID OF CARBON DIOXIDE Disposal into space Storage in the ocean Fertilization of the ocean with iron Reaction with basalt Storage in forests Storage in soil as “biochar”

10. GROWING DIESEL Jatropha--an Indian weed –Needs little water –Grows on poor soil –Is not a food crop –Seed oil makes excellent diesel fuel –Estimated to be profitable at oil prices above $43/bbl Algae –Absorbs carbon dioxide effluent from power plants –Yields oil suitable as diesel fuel and starch for ethanol –Pilot demonstration in Arizona –Scale up at Arizona Public service Four Corners Station

13. CELLULOSE BASED ETHANOL Bluefire Ethanol –First plant in Lancaster this year –Pilot plant in Izumi Japan Coskata –Recent investment by GM –Pilot plant planned for 2008: Warrenville Illinois –One among several start-ups using bacterial processing

17. TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY Ground transport –Light duty vehicles –Trucks/buses/construction equipment –Rail Air transport Water transport

18. LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES POWER TRAINS/POWER SOURCES Power train –Mechanical –Electric –Hybrid Power source –ICE: Otto, Diesel –Battery –Supercapacitor –Fuel cell: hydrogen/reformer

19. LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES ENERGY SOURCE/INFRASTRUCTURE Energy source –Fossil fuel –Biofuel –Hydrogen –Electric grid –Solar Infrastructure –Energy sources –Energy distribution –Vehicle manufacturing/marketing/maintenance

20. WHERE DO THESE STAND? AN UNOFFICIAL SCORECARD TS* PI* DI* VI* Internal combustion –Gasoline/diesel fuel +++ +++ +++ +++ –Methane +++ +++ + +++ –Hydrogen +++ - o ++ –Biofuels ++ + + ++ Electric –Battery ++ +++ + ++ –Supercapacitor + +++ + ++ –Hydrogen fuel cell + - o o –Reformer fuel cell + +++ + - –Solar/hybrid +++ ++ ++ + * TS = Technology status *PI = Energy production infrastructure *DI = Energy distribution infrastructure *VI = Vehicle manufacturing/marketing/maintenance infrastructure

21. ELECTRIC VEHICLES: PROJECT BETTER PLACE Employs a new business model –Consumer buys the car –Consumer rents the battery—monthly fee based on usage –Networks of charging and exchange stations Employs “proven” technologies –Lithium ion battery developed Renault and NEC Highway 124 miles/charge (100?) Lifetime 1500 charges Top speed 70 mph –Renault-Nissan will make the car in Europe

22. PROJECT BETTER PLACE & RENAULT/NISSAN/NEC Starting a pilot program in Israel –People drive less than 100 miles/day 90% of the time –Tel Aviv: 150 charging stations and 2 swap stations –Economics: $0.026/mile versus $0.32/mile –Expect 500,000 charging stations and 100,000 cars on the road by 2010 (or maybe 20,000 by 2011!) May extend the pilot to –Small countries: Denmark, Holland –Crowded cities: London, Paris, Singapore, New York –China?

23. OTHER ALL ELECTRIC VEHICLES Daimler Smart Car: all electric version by 2009 Tesla Roadster: 2008 ($100,000) Aptera Three Wheeler: 2008 ($30,000) Phoenix Motor Cars Pick-up truck: 2008

24. DAIMLER SMART CAR

25. TESLA

26. APTERA

27. PHOENIX MOTOR CARS

28. PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVS) Quantum Technologies/Fisker Karma luxury sedan: $80,000 2009 GM/A123: Chevy Volt commercial by “late” 2010— “a stretch” GM-Saturn: Concept car shown in Detroit Ford: SUV in test with Southern California Edison Toyota/Panasonic: commercial customers by 2010

29. FUEL CELL POWERED VEHICLES Honda FCX Clarity: Sedan GM Chevy Equinox: SUV consumer evaluation in 2008 Ford Fusion 999: 200 mph sports car

30. HONDA SOLAR HYDROGEN STATION

31. HONDA HOME HYDROGEN STATION

32. SUMMARY-- 2015 ICEs using fossil fuels will dominate ICEs using biofuels may still have to overcome inadequate fuel availability Hybrid vehicles (plug-in) may form a significant part of the installed capacity Fuel cell vehicles may still have to overcome –Limited life and high cost of fuel cells –Limited availability of hydrogen –Limited vehicle manufacturing/maintenance experience All-electric vehicles may still have to overcome –Limited range and high cost of batteries –Unresolved safety issues –Limited recharging sites –Limited vehicle manufacturing/maintenance experience