1. The New Imperialism (ca. 1870-1910) Motivations? Means? Justifications? Consequences? Big Picture Questions: 6,500,000 square miles1800-1880 8,655,000 square miles1880-1910 European ExpansionYears European Powers’ ControlYear 11% of African continent1875 90% of African continent1905

2. The New Imperialism (ca. 1870-1910) Why? (Motives?) How? (Means?) Economic : raw materials, protected markets, global investments Political : appealing issue to voters, nationalist competition, strategic advantage Religious : Christian missionary zeal African exploration (1830-1870) Quinine (1850s+) Breech-loader rifle(1870s+) Steamship(1820s+)

3. The Four Feathers (2002) Historical Background In the early 1880s a religious leader in Sudan proclaimed himself the Mahdi (“expected one”) and began unifying the tribes of central & western Sudan. The Mahdi led a nationalist revolt against British-Egyptian rule culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885. Attempting to end the slave trade in the region, the British finally defeated the Mahdi’s successor at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898. The British were also protecting their interest in the Suez Canal and against French presence in the area.KhartoumBattle of Omdurman Suez Canal