1. Sensory Systems: Auditory

2. What do we hear? Sound is a compression wave: When speaker is stationary, the air is uniformly dense Speaker Air Molecules

3. What do we hear? Sound is a compression wave: Speaker When the speaker moves, it compresses the air in front of it.

4. What do we hear? Sound is a compression wave: The speaker moves back leaving an area with less air behind - called rarefaction Compression Rarefaction

5. What do we hear? Sound is a compression wave: Speaker The speaker moves forward again starting the next wave Compression Rarefaction

6. What do we hear? Sound is a compression wave - it only “looks” like a wave if we plot air pressure against time time -> Air Pressure Period - amount of time for one cycle Frequency = number of cycles per second (1/Period)

7. Properties of a Sound Wave 1. Amplitude: difference in air pressure between compression and rarefaction (Sound Pressure Level)

8. Properties of a Sound Wave 1. Amplitude: difference in air pressure between compression and rarefaction (Sound Pressure Level) –What is the perception that goes along with the sensation of sound amplitude?

9. Properties of a Sound Wave 1. Amplitude: difference in air pressure between compression and rarefaction (Sound Pressure Level) –What is the perception that goes along with the sensation of sound amplitude? LOUDNESS

10. Properties of a Sound Wave 2. Frequency: how many regions of compression (or rarefaction) pass by a given point per second (expressed in Hertz)

11. Properties of a Sound Wave 2. Frequency: how many regions of compression (or rarefaction) pass by a given point per second (expressed in Hertz) –What is the perception that goes along with the sensation of frequency?

12. Properties of a Sound Wave 2. Frequency: how many regions of compression (or rarefaction) pass by a given point per second (expressed in Hertz) –What is the perception that goes along with the sensation of frequency? PITCH

13. Sensing Vibrations

14. Outer ear transmits and modifies sound (critical for sound localization)

15. Sensing Vibrations Middle ear turns compression waves into mechanical motion oval window stapes

16. Sensing Vibrations Middle ear turns compression waves into mechanical motion Ear Drum Oval window

17. Sensing Vibrations Middle ear turns compression waves into mechanical motion Ear Drum Oval window Compression Wave

18. Sensing Vibrations The cochlea, in the inner ear, is a curled up tube filled with fluid. Auditory Nerve to Brain

19. Sensing Vibrations Inside the cochlea is the basilar membrane Movement of the oval window causes ripples on the basilar membrane

20. Sensing Vibrations Basilar membrane measures the amplitude and frequency of sound waves –amplitude (loudness) –frequency (pitch)

21. Sensing Vibrations Basilar membrane measures the amplitude and frequency of sound waves –amplitude (loudness) - magnitude of displacement of the basilar membrane –frequency (pitch)

22. Sensing Vibrations Basilar membrane measures the amplitude and frequency of sound waves –amplitude (loudness) - magnitude of displacement of the basilar membrane –frequency (pitch) - frequency and location of displacements of the basilar membrane

23. Sensing Vibrations Basilar membrane measures the amplitude and frequency of sound waves –frequency (pitch) - frequency and location of displacements of the basilar membrane

24. Sensing Vibrations

25. Basilar membrane measures the amplitude and frequency of sound waves –amplitude (loudness) - magnitude of displacement of the basilar membrane –frequency (pitch) - frequency and location of displacements of the basilar membrane

26. Sensing Vibrations Basilar membrane measures the amplitude and frequency of sound waves –frequency (pitch) - frequency and location of displacements of the basilar membrane

27. Sensing Vibrations Bundles of “hair cells” are embedded in basilar membrane

28. Sensing Vibrations When hair cells sway back and forth, they let charges inside This flow of charges is converted to action potentials and sent along the auditory pathway

29. The Auditory Pathway The auditory pathway is complex and involves several “stations” along the way to the auditory cortex in the brain Lots of processing must be done in real- time on auditory signals!

30. How Can You Localize Sound? Ponder this: –Imagine digging two trenches in the sand beside a lake so that water can flow into them. Now imagine hanging a piece of cloth in the water in each trench. Your job is to determine the number and location and type of every fish, duck, person, boat, etc. simply by examining the motion of the cloth. That’s what your auditory system does! - Al Bregman

31. Hearing Detection Loudness Localization Scene Analysis Music Speech

32. Detection and Loudness Sound level is measured in decibels (dB) - a measure of the amplitude of air pressure fluctuations

33. Detection and Loudness Sound level is measured in decibels (dB) - a measure of the amplitude of air pressure fluctuations dB is a log scale - small increases in dB mean large increases in sound energy

34. Detection and Loudness Sound level is measured in decibels (dB) - a measure of the amplitude of air pressure fluctuations dB is a log scale - small increases in dB mean large increases in sound energy We have a dynamic range that is a factor of 7.5 million!

35. Detection and Loudness minimum sound level necessary to be heard is the detection threshold

36. Detection and Loudness detection threshold depends on frequency of sound: very high and very low frequencies must have more energy (higher dB) to be heard greatest sensitivity (lowest detection threshold) is between 1000 hz to 5000hz

37. Detection and Loudness Detection can be compromised by a masking sound even masking sounds that are not simultaneous with the target can cause masking (forward and backward masking)

38. Detection and Loudness Loudness is the subjective impression of sound level (and not identical to it!)

39. Detection and Loudness For example, tones of different frequencies that are judged to be equally loud have different SPLs (dB)

40. Detection and Loudness Hearing loss due to exposure to high-intensity sounds (greater than 100 dB) can last many hours

41. Detection and Loudness Incidence of noise-related hearing loss is increasing dramatically iPods and other “earbud” music players are thought to be partly responsible How loud is an iPod? –maximum volume is approximate but is somewhere between 100 dB (hearing damage in about 2 hours) to 115 dB (hearing damage in about 15 minutes) Consequences: difficulty understanding speech, tinnitus, deafness Your perception of loudness adapts so it’s hard to tell how loud your iPod is - LOCK THE VOLUME ON YOUR iPOD!

42. recall the lake analogy: task is to localize the positions of the boats on a lake using the pattern of ripples at two points on the shore Localization

43. All you have is a pair of instruments (basilar membranes) that measure air pressure fluctuations over time Localization

44. There are several clues you could use: Localization

45. Left Ear Right Ear Compression Waves

46. There are several clues you could use: 1 arrival time - sound arrives first at ear closest to source Localization

47. Left Ear Right Ear Compression Waves

48. There are several clues you could use: 1.arrival time 2.phase lag (waves are out of sync) - wave at ear farthest from sound source lags wave at ear nearest to source Localization

49. Left Ear Right Ear Compression Waves

50. There are several clues you could use: 1.arrival time 2.phase lag (waves are out of sync) 3.sound shadow (intensity difference)- sound is louder at ear closer to sound source Localization

51. What are some problems or limitations? Localization

52. Low frequency sounds aren’t attenuated by head shadow Localization Left Ear Right Ear Compression Waves Sound is the same SPL at both ears

53. High frequency sounds have ambiguous phase lag Localization Left Ear Right Ear Left Ear Right Ear Two locations, same phase information!