1. CANCER: CANCER: CHAPTER 18 DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING: DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING: CHAPTER 20 +

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. What is Cancer?? 1. Unregulated mitotic division of cells Cellular division does NOT stop 2.Faulty Differentiation of cells into tissues in a way that effects mitotic division

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. I. Benign Remain in one location Single, well defined mass May be surrounded by connective tissue II. Cancerous Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated May spread Edge of tumor not clearly defined Types of Tumors

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 1.Dysplasia: abnormal change in cell structure 2.In Situ Cancer: malignant tumor in only one place 3.Matastases: secondary tumors at other locations throughout body Cancerous Cells: Lose Control Over Cell Functions

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. I. Mutated or damaged genes 1.Proto-oncogenes: normal regulatory genes Oncogenes: mutated or damaged proto- oncogenes 2.Tumor Suppressor genes: regulatory genes repress cell growth, cell division, differentiation, adhesion These TS genes may be turned off, damaged or mutated in cancers How Cancer Develops

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tumor imaging: X-rays - physical view PET = positron-emission tomography [physiology/metabolism of tissues] MRI = magnetic resonance imaging [x-sectional chemical composition] Genetic testing: identify mutated genes [privacy and treatment issues] Enzyme tests for cancer markers: screening large numbers of people Advances in Diagnosis: Early Detection!!!

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Conventional treatments: surgery, radiation, & chemotherapy Immunotherapy: promotes immune response Starving cancers: inhibits angiogenesis [reduces blood supply to tumor] Molecular treatments: target oncogenes Cancer Treatments

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 1.Skin cancer: Basal cell - common, basal cells divide abnormally Squamous cell- arises from epithelial cells made by basal cells Melanoma - deadly, abnormal malanocytes 2. Breast cancer: almost exclusively in women 3. Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 in males 4. Lung cancer: smoking is the leading risk factor 5. Cancers of colon & rectum: early detection has increased survival rates to 62% Most Common Cancers

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 6. Lymphoma: related to altered immune function 7. Urinary bladder cancer: surgery needed early 8. Cancer of the uterus: includes cervical cancer & cancer of the endometrium 9. Leukemia: cancer of blood forming organs. chemotherapy often effective 10. Cancers of mouth & pharynx: tobacco major risk Most Common Cancers ( cont.)

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Know family history Get regular medical screenings Learn self-examination techniques Avoid direct sunlight 10 AM to 4 PM, avoid sunlamps and tanning salons Watch diet & weight Don’t smoke Drink in moderation, if at all Be informed Most Cancers are Preventable

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING: DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING: CHAPTER 20

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. DNA Sequencing Figure 20.1

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Gel Electrophoresis Figure 20.2

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Recombinant DNA Technique Figure 20.3

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Recombinant DNA: Cutting, Splicing, Copying DNA Restriction Enzymes DNA Ligases Plasmids Laboratory Modified DNA

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Figure 20.4

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Transgenic Bacterial Uses Insulin Human Growth Hormone Vaccines Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Transgenic Plants Increased resistance to freezing Longer shelf life Increased Vitamin A Edible Vaccines Human Proteins, i.e., albumin Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Concerns “Frankenfoods” Plant disease susceptibility Transgenic Plants

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Bigger challenges No plasmid use Cloning more difficult Successes Bovine growth hormone for faster animal growth “gene farming” Transgenic Animals

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells Figure 20.11 Gene Therapy