1. Clinical Nutrition Overview & Body Condition Scoring

2. Assessment & Feeding Plan Animal Food Feeding Method Food Feeding Method

3. Clinical Nutrition – An Iterative Process Step 1: Assess the animal  History  Physical examination - Body weight - Body condition score  Laboratory data base  Risk factors  Key nutritional factors - Nutrients of concern  Energy needs

4. Clinical Nutrition – An Iterative Process Step 2: Assess the food(s)  Dietary history  Visual inspection of food  Label evaluation  Obtain nutrient profile for overall diet  Compare nutrient intake versus optimal (KNF)

5. Step 3: Assess the feeding method Clinical Nutrition – An Iterative Process  Feeding Route  Amount fed  How food is offered  Access to other food  Who feeds the animal

6. Step 4: Select a food(s)  Base food selection on key nutritional factors Clinical Nutrition – An Iterative Process Step 5: Determine a feeding method Monitor patient response and return to Step 1

7. Body Condition Scoring 3 - Ideal Ribs – Easily felt with slight fat cover Tail Base – Smooth contour with slight fat cover Side View – Abdominal tuck Overhead view – Well-pronounced waist

8. Body Condition Scoring 1 – Very Thin Ribs – Easily felt with no fat cover Tail Base – Bones are raised, no fat cover Side View – Severe abdominal tuck Overhead view – Accentuated hourglass shape

9. Body Condition Scoring 2 - Underweight Ribs – Easily felt with little fat cover Tail Base – Bones are raised with slight fat cover Side View – Abdominal tuck Overhead view – Marked hourglass shape

10. Body Condition Scoring 4 - Overweight Ribs – Difficult to feel under moderate fat cover Tail Base – Some thickening bones palpable under moderate fat cover Side View – No abdominal tuck Overhead view – Back is slightly broadened at waist

11. Body Condition Scoring 5 - Obese Ribs – Difficult to feel under thick fat cover Tail Base – Thickened and difficult to feel under thick fat cover Side View – No waist, fat hangs from abdomen Overhead view – Back is markedly broadened

12. Estimation of Ideal Body Weight BCS % Body Fat (DEXA) % Ideal Wt. 1< 5< 85 26-1486-94 315-2495-106 425-34107-122 535-45+123-146+ Hill’s unpublished 1995

13. Resting energy requirement (RER) –E used by adult at rest –Thermoneutral environment –Does not support activity, growth, or reproduction Food Dosage Determination

14. RER (kcal/day) 70(BWt kg ) 0.75 (use for all body weights) 30(BWt kg ) + 70* (*when BWt is 2 to 45 kg) Food Dosage Determination

15. Daily energy requirement (DER) RER plus calories needed for: –Temperature regulation –Digestion & elimination of nutrients –Activity –Lifestage –Neuter status Food Dosage Determination

16. Calculation of Energy Requirements Feline Maintenance: (0.8 -1.4 x RER) Neutered adult:= 1.2 x RER Intact adult:= 1.4 x RER Obese-prone:= 1.0 x RER Weight loss:= 0.8 x RER Weight gain:= 1.2-1.4 x RER at ideal weight

17. Calculation of Energy Requirements Canine Maintenance: (1.0 to 1.8 x RER) Neutered adult:= 1.6 x RER Intact adult:= 1.8 x RER Obese-prone:= 1.4 x RER Weight loss:= 1.0 x RER Weight gain:= 1.2-1.4 x RER at ideal weight Canine Work: Light work:= 2 x RER Moderate work:= 3 x RER Heavy work:= 4-8 x RER

18. Nutrient Recommendations - Canine ProtFatFiberCaPNaClKMg Kcal/g AAFCO NUTRIENT PROFILES FOR DOG FOODS AAFCO Growth/Repro22 min 8 min -1.0-2.50.8- 1.6 0.3 min 0.45 min 0.6 min 0.04- 0.3 3.5- 4.0 AAFCO Maintenance18 min 5 min -0.6-2.50.5- 1.6 0.06 min 0.09 min 0.6 min 0.04- 0.3 3.5- 4.0 *expressed as % DMB

19. Food Recommendations Nutrient Intake Reduced intake High intake Deficiency Toxicity Function/performance Minimum requirement Optimal range

20. Nutrient Recommendations - Canine ProtFatFiberCaPNaClKMgKcal/g MMI RECOMMENDATIONS Adult Maintenance15- 30 10-205 max 0.5- 1.0 0.4- 0.9 0.2- 0.4 0.3- 0.6 0.4- 0.8 0.04- 0.15 3.5- 4.5 Growth (Adult BW< 25kg)22- 32 10-255 max 0.7- 1.7 0.6- 1.3 0.3- 0.6 0.4- 0.8 0.6- 0.9 0.04- 0.20 3.5- 4.5 Growth (Adult BW> 25kg)20- 32 8-1210 max 0.7- 1.2 0.6- 1.1 0.3- 0.6 0.4- 0.8 0.6- 0.9 0.04- 0.20 3.0- 4.0 Older15- 23 7-1510 max 0.5- 1.0 0.25- 0.75 0.15- 0.35 0.3- 0.5 0.4- 0.8 0.04- 0.15 3.0- 4.0 Obese-Prone Adult15- 30 7-125-160.5- 1.0 0.4- 0.9 0.2- 0.4 0.3- 0.6 0.4- 0.8 0.04- 0.15 3.0- 3.5 High Energy22- 34 15 min 5 max 0.6- 1.0 0.4- 0.9 0.2- 0.5 0.3- 0.6 0.45- 0.9 0.05- 0.20 > 4.5 Gestation/Lactation22- 35 10-255 max 0.75- 1.7 0.6- 1.3 0.35- 0.6 0.5- 0.9 0.6- 0.9 0.04- 0.20 3.5- 5.0 *expressed as % DMB

21. Nutrient Recommendations - Canine ProtFatFiberCaPNaClKMg Kcal/g COMMON COMMERCIAL DOG FOODS Average Moist Grocery (30) 41271.81.71.40.91.1 0.114.5 Average Dry Grocery (32) 25123.11.41.00.40.7 0.143.9 Average Dry Specialty (93) 28163.31.31.00.40.7 0.124.2 Average Moist Specialty (39) 32222.11.20.90.50.9 0.14.4 *expressed as % DMB

22. Nutrient Recommendations - Feline ProtFatFiberCaPNaClKMgKcal/g AAFCO NUTRIENT PROFILES FOR CAT FOODS AAFCO Growth/Repro30 min 9 min -1.0 min 0.8 min 0.2 min 0.3 min 0.6 min 0.08 min 4.0-4.5 AAFCO Maint26 min 9 min -0.6 min 0.5 min 0.2 min 0.3 min 0.6 min 0.04 min 4.0-4.5 *expressed as % DMB

23. Nutrient Recommendations - Feline ProtFatFiberCaPNaClKMgKcal/g MMI RECOMMENDATIONS Adult Maintenance 30- 45 10- 305 max 0.5 - 1.0 0.5- 0.8 0.2- 0.6 0.3 min 0.6- 1.0 0.04- 0.14.0-5.0 Growth 35- 50 18- 355 max 0.8 - 1.6 0.6- 1.4 0.3- 0.6 0.45 min 0.6- 1.2 0.08- 0.154.0-5.0 Obese-Prone Adult 30- 45 8- 175-15 0.5 - 1.0 0.5- 0.9 0.2- 0.6 0.3 min 0.6- 1.0 0.04- 0.13.3-3.8 Older 30- 45 10- 25 10 max 0.6 - 1.0 0.5- 0.7 0.2- 0.5 0.3 min 0.6- 1.0 0.05- 0.13.5-4.5 Gestation/Lactation 35- 50 18- 355 max 0.5 - 1.0 0.5- 0.9 0.2- 0.6 0.45 min 0.6- 1.2 0.08- 0.154.0-5.0 *expressed as % DMB

24. Nutrient Recommendations - Feline ProtFatFiberCaPNaClKMgKcal/g COMMON COMMERCIAL CAT FOODS Average Moist Grocery (34)51271.51.81.50.91.31.10.094.3 Average Dry Grocery (26)35122.21.31.20.40.80.70.123.8 Average Dry Specialty (42)3518.52.41.10.950.50.7 0.094.3 Average Moist Specialty (35) 46281.91.11.00.51.00.90.14.7 *expressed as % DMB

25. Criteria for normal animals –Complete and balanced for intended species –Specific-purpose food –Meets optimal nutrient profile range –Nutrients are digestible and bioavailable –Passed a feeding trial for appropriate life stage –Marketed by research-oriented, value-added company –Personal experience with diet Food Recommendations