1. Chapter 9
Aldehydes and Ketones:
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

2. Chemistry of the Carbonyl Group
Carbonyl group, C, (C=O) O
Acyl group, RC, (-COR)

3. Carbonyl compounds can be classified into two categories:
RCHO; R2CO
RCOOH; RCOX; RCOOR’
RCOSR’
RCONH2; RCOOCOR’
RCOOPO32-

4. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
The functional group of an aldehyde is a carbonyl group bonded to a H atom
in methanal, it is bonded to two H atoms
in all other aldehydes, it is bonded to one H and one carbon atom O
Methanal, HCH O
RCH

5. IUPAC names:
select as the parent alkane the longest chain of carbon atoms that contains the carbonyl group
because the carbonyl group of the aldehyde must be on carbon 1, there is no need to give it a number
changing the suffix -e to -al
For unsaturated aldehydes, show the presence of the C=C by changing the infix -an- to -en-

6. For cyclic molecules in which the -CHO group is attached to the ring, the name is derived by adding the suffix -carbaldehyde to the name of the ring

8. The functional group of a ketone is a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
IUPAC names:
select as the parent alkane the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group
changing the suffix -e to -one
number to give C=O the smaller number

9. Common names
When it’s necessary to the -COR group as a substituent, the general term acyl is used

10. If the double bonded oxygen is considered a substituent, and the prefix oxo- is used

11. Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones
The oxidation of alcohol (chapter 8)

12. The hydration of terminal alkyne (chapter 4)
The Friedel-Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring (chapter 5)

13. Oxidation of Aldehydes
Aldehydes are easily oxidized to yield carboxylic acids, RCHO → RCOOH
Ketones are unreactive toward oxidation

15. Tollens’ reagent:
Silver ion, Ag+, in dilute aqueous ammonia
A simple test to detect the presence of an aldehyde functional group in a sample of unknown structure

16. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Reduction
One of the most common reactions of the carbonyl group is addition of a nucleophile to form a tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound
The reaction can take place under either basic and acidic conditions : : O H R d- d+ : : : N u + C O N u C R R R

19. Nucleophilic Addition of Hydride and Grignard Reagents: Alcohol Formation
Addition of Hydride reagents: Reduction
Chapter 8

20. The nucleophile is hydride ion (:H-) supplied by NaBH4
The reaction is irreversible

21. Addition of Grignard Reagents
Aldehydes give secondary alcohols on reaction with Grignard reagents in ether solution, and ketones give tertiary alcohols

22. The nucleophile is a carbanion (R:-) from the Grignard reagents
Undergo nucleophilic addition mechanism under basic conditions
The reaction is irreversible

23. Grignard reagent can not be prepared from compounds that have the following functional groups in the molecules:

24. ? →

25. Nucleophilic Addition of Water: Hydration
Aldehydes and ketones undergo a nucleophilic addition reaction with water to yield 1, 1-diol, called geminal diol
The reaction is reversible, and the diol product can eliminated water to regenerate a ketone or aldehyde
Formaldehyde (0.1%) gem diol (99.9%)
Acetone (99.9%) gem diol (0.1%)

26. The nucleophilic addition reaction of water to aldehydes and ketones is slow but is catalyzed by both base and acid
The base-catalyzed reaction takes place rapidly because hydroxide ion is a much better nucleophilic donor than neutral water

27. The acid-catalyzed reaction takes place rapidly because carbonyl compound is converted by protonation into a better electrophilic acceptor

28. Nucleophilic Addition of Alcohols: Acetal Formation
Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to yield acetals, R2C(OR’)2, compounds that have two ether-like –OR groups bonded to the same carbon:
Acetal formation are reversible
Remove water
Add water

29. Acetal formation involves the acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group
The initial nucleophilic addition step yields a hydroxy ether called a hemiacetal, which reacts further with a second equivalent of alcohol to yield the acetal
The reactions are reversible, depending on the water

31. Acetals are valuable to organic chemistry because they can serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones

33. Acetal can serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones

34. Importance of Hemiacetals and Acetals: Nature and the Laboratory

35. Nucleophilic Addition of Amines: Imine Formation
Ammonia and primary amines. R’NH2, add to aldehydes and ketones to yield imines, R2C=NR’

36. Imines are common intermediates in numerous biological pathways and processes, including the route by which amino acids are synthesis and degraded
(Derivative of vitamin B6)

37. Conjugate Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

38. a, b-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone
A C=C double bond between the so-called a carbon (the C next to the C=O group) and the b carbon (the C away from the C=O group)
the b carbon is more electron-poor and more electrophilic than a typical alkene C=C bond
The initial product of conjugate addition is resonance-stabilized enolate ion, which typically undergoes protonation on the a carbon to give a saturated aldehyde or ketone product

39. Conjugate addition occurs because the electronegative oxygen atom of the a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compound withdraws electrons from the b carbon
Thereby making it more electron-poor and more electrophilic than a typical alkene C=C bond