1. CHAPTER 2 OBJECTS AND CLASSES Goals: To understand the concepts of classes and objects To realize the difference between objects and object references To become familiar with the process of implementing classes To be able to implement simple methods To understand the purpose and use of constructors To understand how to access instance fields and local variables To appreciate the importance of documentation comments

2. Objects and Classes  Object: entity that you can manipulate in your programs (by invoking methods)  Each object belongs to a class  Class: Set of objects with the same behavior  Class determines legal methods "Hello".println() // Error "Hello".length() // OK  An example: Rectangle Class –Construct a rectangle: new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30) new Rectangle() –Use the constructed object System.out.println(new Rectangle(5,10,20,30)); prints java.awt.Rectangle[x=5,y=10,width=20,height=30]

3. Rectangle Shapes A Rectangle Object

4. Syntax 2.1: Object Construction Syntax: new ClassName(parameters) Example: –new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30) –new Car("BMW 540ti", 2004) Purpose: To construct a new object, initialize it with the construction parameters, and return a reference to the constructed object. Object Variables  Declare and optionally initialize: Rectangle cerealBox = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); Rectangle crispyCrunchy;  Apply methods: cerealBox.translate(15, 25);  Share objects: r = cerealBox;

5. Uninitialized and Initialized Variables Uninitialized Initialized Two Object Variables Referring to the Same Object

6. Syntax 2.2: Variable Definition Syntax: –TypeName variableName; –TypeName variableName = expression; Example: –Rectangle cerealBox; –String name ="Dave"; Purpose: To define a new variable of a particular type and optionally supply an initial value

7. Writing a Test Program  Invent a new class, say MoveTest  Supply a main method  Place instructions inside the main method  Import library classes by specifying the package and class name: import java.awt.Rectangle;  You don't need to import classes in the java.lang package such as String and System Syntax 2.3 : Importing a Class from a Package Syntax: import packageName.ClassName ; Example: import java.awt.Rectangle; Purpose: To import a class from a package for use in a program

8. File MoveRect.java import java.awt.Rectangle; public class MoveTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Rectangle cerealBox = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); // move the rectangle cerealBox.translate(15, 25); // print the moved rectangle System.out.println(cerealBox); } A Simple Class public class Greeter { public String sayHello() { String message ="Hello,World!"; return message; } }

9. Method Definition  Method prototype (signature)  access specifier (such as public)  return type (such as String or void)  method name (such as sayHello)  list of parameters (empty for sayHello)  Method body in { } Example public class Rectangle {... public void translate(int x, int y) { method body }... }

10. Syntax 2.4: Method Implementation Syntax public class ClassName {... accessSpecifier returnType methodName(parameterType parameterName,...) { method body }... } Example: public class Greeter { public String sayHello() { String message = "Hello,World!"; return message; } Purpose: To define the behavior of a method A method definition specifies the method name, parameters, and the statements for carrying out the method's actions

11. Syntax 2.5: The return Statement Example: return expression; or return; Example: return message; Purpose: To specify the value that a method returns, and exit the method immediately. The return value becomes the value of the method call expression.

12. Testing a Class  Test class:: a class with a main method that contains statements to test another class.  Typically carries out the following steps: –Construct one or more objects of the class that is being tested. –Invoke one or more methods. –Print out one or more results A Test Class for the Greeter Class public class GreeterTest { public static void main(String [] args)) { Greeter worldGreeter = new Greeter(); System.out.println(worldGreeter.sayHello()); }

13. Building a Test Program 1. Make a new subfolder for your program. 2.Make two files, one for each class. 3.Compile both files. 4.Run the test program. Testing with the SDK Tools mkdir greeter cd greeter edit Greeter.java edit GreeterTest.java javac Greeter.java javac GreeterTest.java java GreeterTest

14. Testing with BlueJ

15. Instance Fields public class Greeter {... private String name; }  access specifier (such as private)  type of variable (such as String)  name of variable (such as name) Accessing Instance Fields  public String sayHello() { String message = "Hello, " + name + "!"; return message; }  The sayHello method of the Greeter class can access the private instance field, others can not

16. Syntax 2.6 : Instance Field Declaration Syntax: –accessSpecifier class ClassName {... accessSpecifier fieldType fieldName;... } Example: public class Greeter {... private String name;... } Purpose: To define a field that is present in every object of a class

17. Constructors  A constructor initializes the instance variables  Constructor name = class name  Invoked in new expression new Greeter("Dave") Syntax 2.7 : Constructor Implementation Syntax accessSpecifier class ClassName {... accessSpecifier ClassName(parameterType parameterName...) { constructor implementation }... } Example: public class Greeter {... public Greeter(String aName) { name = aName; }... } Purpose: To define the behavior of a constructor, which is used to initialize the instance fields of newly created objects

18. File Greeter.java 1 public class Greeter 2 { 3 public Greeter(String aName) 4 { 5 name = aName; 6 } 7 8 public String sayHello() 9 { 10 String message = "Hello, " + name + "!"; 11 return message; 12 } 13 14 private String name; 15 } File GreeterTest.java 1 public class GreeterTest 2 { 3 public static void main(String[] args) 4 { 5 Greeter worldGreeter = new Greeter("World"); 6 System.out.println( worldGreeter.sayHello()); 7 8 Greeter daveGreeter = new Greeter("Dave"); 9 System.out.println(daveGreeter. sayHello()); 10 } 11 }

19. Designing A Class: Bank Account Analysis: –Behavior of bank account:  deposit money  withdraw money  get balance –Methods of BankAccount class:  deposit  withdraw  getBalance Designing Interface –Constructor public BankAccount() public BankAccount(double initialBalance) –Methods public void deposit(double amount) public void withdraw(double amount) public double getBalance()

20. Commenting /** Withdraws money from the bank account. @param the amount to withdraw */ public void withdraw(double amount) { implementation filled in later } /** A bank account has a balance that can be changed by deposits and withdrawals. */ public class BankAccount { … } /** Gets the current balance of the bank account. @return the current balance */ public double getBalance() { implementation filled in later } Commenting the class Commenting interface

21. Javadoc Method Summary

22. Javadoc Method Detail

23. BankAccount Class Implementation Determine instance variables to hold object state private double balance Implement methods and constructors Using the Interface  Transfer balance double amt = 500; momsSavings.withdraw(amt); harrysChecking.deposit(amt);  Add interest double rate = 5; // 5% double amt = acct.getBalance() * rate / 100; acct.deposit(amt);

24. File BankAccount.java /** A bank account has a balance that can be changed by deposits and withdrawals. */ public class BankAccount { // instance field private double balance; /** Constructs a bank account with a zero balance */ public BankAccount() { balance = 0; } /** Deposits money into the bank account. @param amount the amount to deposit */ public void deposit(double amount) { double newBalance=balance+amount; balance = newBalance; } /** Withdraws money from the bank account. @param amount the amount to withdraw */ public void withdraw(double amount) { double newBalance=balance-amount; balance = newBalance; } /** Gets the current balance. @return the current balance */ public double getBalance() { return balance; }

25. File BankAccountTest.java 1 /** 2 A class to test the BankAccount class. 3 */ 4 public class BankAccountTest 5 { 6 /** 7 Tests the methods of the BankAccount class. 8 @param args not used 9 */ 10 public static void main(String[] args) 11 { 12 BankAccount harrysChecking = new BankAccount(); 13 harrysChecking.deposit(2000) 14 harrysChecking.withdraw(500) 15 System.out.println(harrysChecking.getBalance()); 16 } 17 }

26. Calling a Method in BlueJ

27. The Method Return Value in BlueJ

28. Variable Types  Instance fields (balance in BankAccount)  Local variables (newBalance in deposit method)  Parameter variables (amount in deposit method) Explicit and Implicit Parameters public void withdraw(double amount) { double newBalance = balance - amount; balance = newBalance; } balance is the balance of the object to the left of the dot: balance is an implicit parameter, while amount is an explicit parameter momsSavings.withdraw(500) means double newBalance = momsSavings.balance - amount; momsSavings.balance = newBalance;