1. Interconnect Optimizations

2. A scaling primer Ideal process scaling: –Device geometries shrink by S  = 0.7x) Device delay shrinks by s –Wire geometries shrink by  R/  :  /(ws.hs) = r/s 2 Cc/  : (hs).  /(Ss) = Cc C/  : similar R/  doubles, C/  and Cc/  unchanged SGD h w l S ll hh SS ww

3. Interconnect role Short (local) interconnect –Used to connect nearby cells –Minimize wire C, i.e., use short min-width wires Medium to long-distance (global) interconnect –Size wires to tradeoff area vs. delay –Increasing width  Capacitance increases, Resistance decreases Need to find acceptable tradeoff - wire sizing problem “Fat” wires –Thicker cross-sections in higher metal layers –Useful for reducing delays for global wires –Inductance issues, sharing of limited resource

4. Cross-Section of A Chip

5. Block scaling Block area often stays same –# cells, # nets doubles –Wiring histogram shape invariant Global interconnect lengths don’t shrink Local interconnect lengths shrink by s

6. Interconnect delay scaling Delay of a wire of length l :  int = (rl)(cl) = rcl 2 (first order) Local interconnects :  int : (r/s 2 )(c)(ls) 2 = rcl 2 –Local interconnect delay unchanged (compare to faster devices) Global interconnects :  int : (r/s 2 )(c)(l) 2 = (rcl 2 )/s 2 –Global interconnect delay doubles – unsustainable! Interconnect delay increasingly more dominant

7. Buffer Insertion For Delay Reduction

8. Analysis of Simple RC Circuit state variable Input waveform ± v(t) C R v T (t) i(t)

9. Analysis of Simple RC Circuit Step-input response: match initial state: output response for step-input: v0v0 v 0 u(t) v 0 (1-e -t/RC )u(t)

10. Delays of Simple RC Circuit v(t) = v 0 (1 - e -t/RC ) -- waveform under step input v 0 u(t) v(t)=0.5v 0  t = 0.69RC –i.e., delay = 0.69RC (50% delay) v(t)=0.1v 0  t = 0.1RC v(t)=0.9v 0  t = 2.3RC –i.e., rise time = 2.2RC (if defined as time from 10% to 90% of Vdd) Commonly used metric T D = RC (= Elmore delay)

11. Elmore Delay Delay

12. Elmore Delay Driver is modeled as R Driver intrinsic gate delay t(B) Delay =  all Ri  all Cj downstream from Ri Ri*Cj Elmore delay at n2 R(B)*(C1+C2)+R(w)*C2 Elmore delay at n1 R(B)*(C1+C2) R(B) C1 R(w) C2 n1 B n2

13. Elmore Delay For uniform wire No matter how to lump, the Elmore delay is the same x C unit wire capacitance c unit wire resistance r

14. Delay for Buffer v C u C(b) u Intrinsic buffer delay Driver resistance Input capacitance

15. R Buffers Reduce Wire Delay x/2 cx/4 rx/2 t_unbuf = R( cx + C ) + rx( cx/2 + C ) t_buf = 2R( cx/2 + C ) + rx( cx/4 + C ) + t b t_buf – t_unbuf = RC + t b – rcx 2 /4 x/2 cx/4 rx/2 C C R x ∆t∆t

16. Combinational Logic Delay Combinational logic delay <= clock period Combinational Logic Register Primary Input Register Primary Output clock

17. Buffered global interconnects: Intuition Interconnect delay = r.c.l 2 Now, interconnect delay =  r.c.l i 2 < r.c.l 2 (where l =  l j ) since  (l j 2 ) < (  l j ) 2 (Of course, account for buffer delay also) l1l1 lnln l3l3 l2l2 l

18. Optimal inter-buffer length First order (lumped parasitic, Elmore delay) analysis Assume N identical buffers with equal inter-buffer length l (L = Nl) For minimum delay, L R d – On resistance of inverter C g – Gate input capacitance r,c – Resistance, cap. per micron … … l

19. Optimal interconnect delay Substituting l opt back into the interconnect delay expression: Delay grows linearly with L (instead of quadratically)

20. Optimized interconnect delay scaling Rewriting the optimal interconnect delay expression, With optimally sized buffers (using dT/dh = 0),

21. Total buffer count Ever-increasing fractions of total cell count will be buffers –70% in 32nm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90nm65nm45nm32nm % cells used to buffer nets clk-buf buf tot-buf

22. ITRS projections