1. Ocean Ecology and Pollution

2. Major ecological issues Photic, aphotic zones All creatures in ocean, when dead, sink Movement of nutrients to the bottom Upwellings bring nutrients back to surface

3. Shoreline issues Substrate type; sand, mud, rock Tidal exposure

5. Figure 52.15 Oceanic Biogeographic Regions Are Determined by Ocean Currents

6. Areas of upwelling

7. El Nino effects on local weather Normal- currents cause upwelling along pacific coast – upwelling brings nutrients to surface And cold water = rain

8. In el nino no upwelling, so No nutrient in water – loss of fishery, and a lot of rain as surface water is hotter and condenses when coming on land.

9. Sea is warmer in el Nino = more rain in winter as greater temp difference water to land. La Nina years are colder ocean = less rain. Remember, rain in winter when land is cold.

10. Major environmental issues Humans can have major effects on the ocean Directly (overfishing, etc.) Indirectly (global warming many of these issues are not quickly reversable, or are due to population pressure

11. Global distribution of coral reefs = warm water

12. Coral biology Grow in clear water No nutrients Harbor algae in their tissues- algae make Food – need sunlight.

13. Zooxanthellae in a coral – give coral color

14. Threats to reefs dynamite to get fish cyanide to get fish collecting coral siltation – river runoff algal growth = nutrients global warming – coral bleaching = predicted that the great barrier reef of Australia will die in the next decade – warming and acidity. Note that Caribbean coral reefs already dead.

17. Overfishing – over use of ocean resources hard to census fish ( do it by catch) wasteful fishing methods food chain effects. If fishing effort goes up and catch goes down, the fish are in trouble

18. Antarctic whale catch. see progression; biggest to smaller whales.

19. How to regulate fishing. 1) establish quota for catch. result – a one day fishing season – everyone goes out and tried to catch as many fish as possible 2. establish quota per fishing boat – can catch any time during a longer season – better for safety and marketing 3. must be international agreement in most cases – 4. prohibit all fishing – let stock recover. What do fishermen do?

20. Marine reserve system – areas where no fishing so good reproduction – hope is it stocks neighboring areas where fishing is allowed.

22. History of the pollock fishery off the Aleutians

23. Crab pots – crab fishing dead

24. Alaskan Pollock

25. Another case of overfishing

26. Food chain effects; Steller sea lion eats pollock

27. Killer whale eat seals

28. No seals- eat sea otters

29. Sea otters eat sea urchins Sea urchins eat kelp – if lots of urchins, kelp cut loose from bottom Young fish hide in kelp (kelp is a nursery area)

31. Switch from long line (cheap – mostly developing countries) To purse seine (more technology – developed countries)

35. Catch of wild tuna goes down, farming goes up. Problems with farming – pollution of organics.

36. Salmon farming issues escape and mating with wild stocks disease – to wild stocks waste discharge fish food The farmed product is generally softer in texture and is an unappetizing grey colour. The latter problem is overcome by the addition of pigment to the food in order to colour the flesh a more- appealing red tone. Although some indicate the addition of such pigments is not a concern in farmed salmon, high doses of these colorants can harm the human retina (Baker 2001).

37. Potrugese Man-o-war, a floating jellyfish

39. Jellyfish are a main food of marine turtles.

40. Storm water runoff.

44. ½ year 3 years 10 years Blue = U.S. origin, Red = Japanese origin Plastics in the ocean

45. Where is oil shipped? Where is the ocean most dangerous? Oil Pollution

48. International convention for prevention of oil pollution of the ocean Doesn’t apply to small vessels Doesn’t apply to navies Doesn’t apply to acts of God Doesn’t apply if crew or cargo in danger. Originally, only applied to coastal areas. Is self reporting

49. Requires ballast cleaning on shore, not in ocean Requires safety equipment at on-shore facilities Switch to double hulled ships Allows damages for oil spills.

52. Exxon Valdez 10.8 million gallons of crude oil

58. Algal bloom in warm water and nutrients

66. Solutions to sewage issue Give tertiary treatment (too expensive) Dump further out to sea – Storm water runoff – totally untreated still a problem. So; dump chlorine into ocean – kill bacteria.

68. Malibu La wants to add them to the sewage system, at a cost per household per hookup Malibu incorporates so as a separate city, they don’t have to join the sewage system

70. Enteromorpha (mermaids hair) as an indication of poor water quality.

71. Species diversity of algae in So. Cal. 1900 – 60 species 1960 – 27 species 1970 - 11 species Still clean on outside of Catalina, Inshore – no so clean

72. Why are nuclear plants usually near water? Effects??