1. Metabolism
Chapter 25

2. Essential Nutrients 45 – 50 molecules must be ingested.
This includes representatives from the 4 major organic molecule groups, plus a number of inorganic substances such as including water, vitamins and minerals (Na, Fe, etc.)
The USDA Food Pyramid

3. Nutrient – A substance in food used by the body for growth, maintenance, energy and repair.
Carbohydrates: 55 – 60 % of daily calories. 125 – 175 g.
Lipid: < 30% of daily calories. 80 – 100 g.
Protein: 0.8g/kg body weight.
Nucleic acids: not established
Water: 1500 ml (average) per day.

4. Uses of nutrients
Carbohydrate: Primary energy molecule. Also found on cell membranes and as part of structure of connective tissue matrix molecules
Lipid: Energy storage, plasma membrane structure, cushioning, steroid hormones.
Proteins: Enzymes, receptors, hormones, structures of all kinds. Must be “complete” or “complimentary” in order to supply essential amino acids.

5. Essential amino acids

6. Energy Metabolism Metabolism = catabolism + anabolism
Cellular respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that provide energy for the production of
This energy is used to generate ATP from phosphorylation of ADP.
It is a series of Redox reactions.
ATP

7. Summary of steps of energy metabolism

8. Generation of ATP by “substrate-level phosphorylation”

9. Oxidative phosphorylation

10. Overview of cellular respiration

11. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Oxidation of Glucose
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO H2O + 36 ATP + Heat

12. Glycolysis: an Anaerobic process.
It is the first stage in cellular respiration

13. Krebs cycle

14. The Electron Transport Chain

15. The ETC energy gradient

16. Summary of ATP synthesis Gains & losses

17. Glycogenesis/ Glycogenolysis

18. Summary of lipid metabolism: oxidation

19. Metabolism of Triglycerides

20. Protein metabolism in the Liver

21. Carbohydrate/fat & amino acid pools

22. Interconversion of carbohydrate, lipid and protein

23. Pathways of the Absorptive state

24. The effects of insulin on metabolism

25. Major Events of the Postabsorptive state

26. Influences of Glucagon on blood glucose levels

27. Pathways of the Postabsorptive state

28. Composition of Lipoproteins

29. Hypothetical feeding control mechanism

30. Heat Balance

31. Temperature regulation mechanisms

32. Maynard or Hans?