1. Concurrency in Ada Programming Languages 1 Robert Dewar

2. Concurrency in Ada What concurrency is all about What concurrency is all about Relation to operating systems Relation to operating systems Language facilities vs library packages Language facilities vs library packages POSIX threads POSIX threads Ada concurrency Ada concurrency Real time support Real time support Distributed programming Distributed programming

3. What Concurrency is all About Multiple threads of control within one program Multiple threads of control within one program Fairly closely coupled (single address space) Fairly closely coupled (single address space) Each thread is independent Each thread is independent But can syncrhonize with other threads But can syncrhonize with other threads One program has many threads One program has many threads

4. Relation to Operating Systems Typical Unix systems provide Typical Unix systems provide Multiple processes Multiple processes separate address spaces, separate scheduling separate address spaces, separate scheduling Light weight processes/kernel threads Light weight processes/kernel threads shared address space, separate scheduling shared address space, separate scheduling User level threads User level threads shared address space, no separate scheduling shared address space, no separate scheduling

5. Language Feature vs Libraries Library approach takes a standard sequential language, e.g. C Library approach takes a standard sequential language, e.g. C And provides a set of packages that provide concurrency And provides a set of packages that provide concurrency The C program makes calls to the library to create tasks etc. The C program makes calls to the library to create tasks etc.

6. Problems with Library Method Libraries may not be completely well defined and may not be portable Libraries may not be completely well defined and may not be portable Language was not defined with concurrency in mind Language was not defined with concurrency in mind e.g. are library routines “thread-safe” e.g. are library routines “thread-safe” are constructs well defined are constructs well defined e.g. what is rule with shared variables? e.g. what is rule with shared variables?

7. Thread Safety Suppose two threads of control both call a routine such as malloc. Suppose two threads of control both call a routine such as malloc. In the middle of one malloc call, the thread is interrupted by a higher priority thread, or reaches end of time slice. In the middle of one malloc call, the thread is interrupted by a higher priority thread, or reaches end of time slice. Another task calls malloc Another task calls malloc Chaos??? Chaos???

8. Shared Variables Suppose we have a global variable “a” Suppose we have a global variable “a” One task does VAR := 1; One task does VAR := 1; Another task does VAR := 256; Another task does VAR := 256; Again we have interrupts causing statements to get intermingled Again we have interrupts causing statements to get intermingled Is result well defined? or could we end up with VAR having the value 257? Is result well defined? or could we end up with VAR having the value 257?

9. POSIX Threads A standardized package of thread primitives A standardized package of thread primitives create thread create thread timer functions timer functions synchronization mechanisms synchronization mechanisms etc. etc. Several versions Several versions Lots left undefined Lots left undefined

10. Add Concurrency to Language Algol-68 had simple semaphores and the notion of separate tasks. Algol-68 had simple semaphores and the notion of separate tasks. CSP, not really a PL (although consider OCCAM derived from CSP) had a simple channel mechanism CSP, not really a PL (although consider OCCAM derived from CSP) had a simple channel mechanism Simula-67 identified tasks with objects Simula-67 identified tasks with objects

11. More on CSP (OCCAM) Program consists of processes and channels Program consists of processes and channels Process is code containing channel operations Process is code containing channel operations Channel is a data object Channel is a data object All synchronization is via channels All synchronization is via channels

12. Channel Operations in CSP Read data item D from channel C Read data item D from channel C D ? C D ? C Write data item Q to channel C Write data item Q to channel C Q ! C Q ! C If reader accesses channel first, wait for writer, and then both proceed after transfer. If reader accesses channel first, wait for writer, and then both proceed after transfer. If writer accesses channel first, wait for reader, and both proceed after transfer. If writer accesses channel first, wait for reader, and both proceed after transfer.

13. Tasking in Ada Declare a task type Declare a task type The specification gives the entries The specification gives the entries task type T is entry Put (data : in Integer); entry Get (result : out Integer); end T; task type T is entry Put (data : in Integer); entry Get (result : out Integer); end T; The entries are used to access the task The entries are used to access the task

14. Declaring Task Body Task body gives actual code of task Task body gives actual code of task task body T is x : integer; -- local per thread declaration begin … accept Put (M : Integer) do … end Put; … end T; task body T is x : integer; -- local per thread declaration begin … accept Put (M : Integer) do … end Put; … end T;

15. Creating an Instance of a Task Declare a single task Declare a single task X : T; X : T; or an array of tasks or an array of tasks P : array (1.. 50) of T; P : array (1.. 50) of T; or a dynamically allocated task or a dynamically allocated task type AT is access T; type AT is access T; P : AT; … P := new T; P : AT; … P := new T;

16. Task execution Each task executes independently, until Each task executes independently, until an accept call an accept call wait for someone to call entry, then proceed with rendezvous code, then both tasks go on their way wait for someone to call entry, then proceed with rendezvous code, then both tasks go on their way an entry call an entry call wait for addressed task to reach corresponding accept statement, then proceed with rendezvous, then both tasks go on their way. wait for addressed task to reach corresponding accept statement, then proceed with rendezvous, then both tasks go on their way.

17. More on the Rendezvous During the Rendezvous, only the called task executes, and data can be safely exchanged via the entry parameters During the Rendezvous, only the called task executes, and data can be safely exchanged via the entry parameters If accept does a simple assignment, we have the equivalent of a simple CSP channel operation, but there is no restriction on what can be done within a rendezvous If accept does a simple assignment, we have the equivalent of a simple CSP channel operation, but there is no restriction on what can be done within a rendezvous

18. Termination of Tasks A task terminates when it reaches the end of the begin-end code of its body. A task terminates when it reaches the end of the begin-end code of its body. Tasks may either be very static (create at start of execution and never terminate) Tasks may either be very static (create at start of execution and never terminate) Or very dynamic, e.g. create a new task for each new radar trace in a radar system. Or very dynamic, e.g. create a new task for each new radar trace in a radar system.

19. The Delay Statement Delay statements temporarily pause a task Delay statements temporarily pause a task Delay xyz Delay xyz where xyz is an expression of type duration causes execution of the thread to be delayed for (at least) the given amount of time where xyz is an expression of type duration causes execution of the thread to be delayed for (at least) the given amount of time Delay until tim Delay until tim where tim is an expression of type time, causes execution of the thread to be delayed until (at the earliest) the given tim where tim is an expression of type time, causes execution of the thread to be delayed until (at the earliest) the given tim

20. Selective Accept Select statement allows a choice of actions Select statement allows a choice of actions select entry1 (…) do.. end; or when bla entry2 (…); or delay...ddd...; end select; select entry1 (…) do.. end; or when bla entry2 (…); or delay...ddd...; end select; Take whichever open entry arrives first, or if none arrives by end of delay, do …ddd…stmts. Take whichever open entry arrives first, or if none arrives by end of delay, do …ddd…stmts.

21. Timed Entry Call Timed Entry call allows timeout to be set Timed Entry call allows timeout to be set select entry-call-statement or delay xxx; … end select select entry-call-statement or delay xxx; … end select We try to do the entry call, but if the task won’t accept in xxx time, then do the delay stmts. We try to do the entry call, but if the task won’t accept in xxx time, then do the delay stmts.

22. Conditional Entry Call Make a call only if it will be accepted Make a call only if it will be accepted select entry-call.. else statements end select; select entry-call.. else statements end select; If entry call is accepted immediately, fine, otherwise execute the else statements. If entry call is accepted immediately, fine, otherwise execute the else statements.

23. Task Abort Unconditionally terminate a task Unconditionally terminate a task abort taskname; abort taskname; task is immediately terminated task is immediately terminated (it is allowed to do finalization actions) (it is allowed to do finalization actions) but whatever it was doing remains incomplete but whatever it was doing remains incomplete code that can be aborted must be careful to leave things in a coherent state if that is important! code that can be aborted must be careful to leave things in a coherent state if that is important!

24. Asynchronous Transfer of Control Execute section of code, aborting after specified time or event Execute section of code, aborting after specified time or event select delay or accept statement then abort statements end select; select delay or accept statement then abort statements end select; Statements start executing and are immediately aborted if delay or accept completes. Statements start executing and are immediately aborted if delay or accept completes.

25. Shared Variables A shared variable is one accessed by more than one task A shared variable is one accessed by more than one task if variable is declared atomic, no restrictions if variable is declared atomic, no restrictions otherwise, we cannot have two tasks access the same variable without synchronizing (e.g. doing a rendezvous). otherwise, we cannot have two tasks access the same variable without synchronizing (e.g. doing a rendezvous). model is that variables can normally be in registers model is that variables can normally be in registers

26. Tasking Is Completely General Any possible synchronization problem can be solved using the rendezvous Any possible synchronization problem can be solved using the rendezvous We know this because it is more powerful than CSP/Occam which is itself general We know this because it is more powerful than CSP/Occam which is itself general That means that any synchronization primitive can be simulated using the RV That means that any synchronization primitive can be simulated using the RV

27. An Example, the Semaphore The Idea of a (binary) semaphore The Idea of a (binary) semaphore Two operations, p and v Two operations, p and v p grabs semaphore or waits if not available p grabs semaphore or waits if not available v releases the semaphore v releases the semaphore Monitor is Monitor is p (sem); statements v (sem); p (sem); statements v (sem);

28. A Semaphore using a Task, RV The specification The specification task type Semaphore is entry p; entry v; end Semaphore; task type Semaphore is entry p; entry v; end Semaphore;

29. A Semaphore using RV The body of semaphore is very simple: The body of semaphore is very simple: task body Semaphore is begin loop accept p; accept v; end loop; end Semaphore; task body Semaphore is begin loop accept p; accept v; end loop; end Semaphore;

30. Using the Semaphore Abstraction Declare an instance of a semaphore Declare an instance of a semaphore Lock : Semaphore; Lock : Semaphore; Now we can use this semaphore to create a monitor, using Now we can use this semaphore to create a monitor, using Lock.P; code to be protected in monitor Lock.V; Lock.P; code to be protected in monitor Lock.V;

31. The RV Semaphore Very neat expression Very neat expression Nice high level semantics Nice high level semantics But awfully heavy if a real task is involved But awfully heavy if a real task is involved A case of “abstraction inversion” A case of “abstraction inversion” We expect to see tasks implemented in terms of low level stuff like semaphores, not the other way round. We expect to see tasks implemented in terms of low level stuff like semaphores, not the other way round.

32. Protected Types and Objects A protected type is a data object with locks A protected type is a data object with locks specification provides data, like a record, and the locked access routines specification provides data, like a record, and the locked access routines functions (read the data with read lock) functions (read the data with read lock) procedures (read/write the data with write lock) procedures (read/write the data with write lock) entries (wait till some condition is met, then read/write the data with write lock) entries (wait till some condition is met, then read/write the data with write lock)

33. Protected Types and Objects There is conceptually no separate thread of control. There is conceptually no separate thread of control. Body provides code for the functions, procedures and entries Body provides code for the functions, procedures and entries These are executed in the calling thread after obtaining necessary locks These are executed in the calling thread after obtaining necessary locks

34. Semaphore Using Protected Type Specification has the data and entries: Specification has the data and entries: protected type Semaphore is entry P; procedure V; private Grabbed : Boolean := False; end Semaphore; protected type Semaphore is entry P; procedure V; private Grabbed : Boolean := False; end Semaphore; P is an entry since we may have to wait P is an entry since we may have to wait

35. Protected Type Semaphore The body provides the code of P and V The body provides the code of P and V protected body Semaphore is entry P when not Grabbed is begin Grabbed := True; end P; procedure V is begin Grabbed := False; end; end Semaphore; protected body Semaphore is entry P when not Grabbed is begin Grabbed := True; end P; procedure V is begin Grabbed := False; end; end Semaphore;

36. Using the Protected Type Semaphore Declare an instance of a semaphore Declare an instance of a semaphore Lock : Semaphore; Lock : Semaphore; Now we can use this semaphore to create a monitor, using Now we can use this semaphore to create a monitor, using Lock.P; code to be protected in monitor Lock.V; Lock.P; code to be protected in monitor Lock.V; Note: this was cut and paste from the task slide Note: this was cut and paste from the task slide

37. Requirements for Real Time Eliminate non-determinism Eliminate non-determinism pragma Dispatching_Policy (FIFO_Within_Priorities); pragma Dispatching_Policy (FIFO_Within_Priorities); means run till blocked, no time slicing means run till blocked, no time slicing reduces non-determinism reduces non-determinism typical of “real time threads”, e.g. in NT typical of “real time threads”, e.g. in NT Define priorities of tasks Define priorities of tasks exact specs for how priorities are respected exact specs for how priorities are respected Define queuing protocols Define queuing protocols first in, first out, or by priority of caller first in, first out, or by priority of caller

38. Importance of Priorities Proper priority assignment important Proper priority assignment important Used to ensure important tasks are completed Used to ensure important tasks are completed Used to ensure system is schedulable Used to ensure system is schedulable Example: Monotonic Scheduling Example: Monotonic Scheduling Collection of cyclic tasks Collection of cyclic tasks Require servicing at fixed interval Require servicing at fixed interval Assign highest priority to shortest cycle Assign highest priority to shortest cycle Regardless of “importance” of tasks Regardless of “importance” of tasks Ensures schedulability if possible Ensures schedulability if possible

39. Priority Inheritance Guard against priority inversion Guard against priority inversion low priority task grabs resource X low priority task grabs resource X high priority task needs resource X, waits high priority task needs resource X, waits medium priority task preempts low priority task, and runs for a long time, holding up high priority task medium priority task preempts low priority task, and runs for a long time, holding up high priority task Solution, while high priority task is waiting, lend high priority to low priority task Solution, while high priority task is waiting, lend high priority to low priority task