1. Distillation l l Start with a partially fermented product (containing some EtOH) l l Through a process of heating, vapor production, and condensation, solution with higher EtOH% is produced… l l HOW??

2. Ethanol-Water Phase Diagram

3. Magma l Differentiate magma based on it’s chemical composition  felsic vs. mafic

4. Melt Composition + ‘freezing’ T l l Liquid magma freezes into crystals  the composition of what freezes first is governed by the melt’s composition l l Analogous to the composition of seawater ice  icebergs are composed of pure water; pure water freezes first, leaving the concentrated brine behind l l In magmas  More silica = lower T; more Ca, Mg=higher T l l Silica polymerization also affected by T and how much Si there is!

5. l l Discontinous series – Structures change, harder to re-equilibrate l l Continuous Series  plag re-equilibrates quicker and if not is a continuum in composition rather than a change in mineral as T decreases Liquid hot MAGMA Ca 2+ Na + Mg 2+ Fe 2+ Si 4+ O 2- rock cooling Mg 2+ Fe 2+ Mg 2+

7. Silicate structures: nesosilicates inosilicates tectosilicates phyllosilicates cyclosilictaes sorosilicates

8. Melt-crystal equilibrium 1 l When crystal comes out of melt, some ions go in easier  more Ca rich crystals form 1 st l Precipitated crystals react with cooling liquid, eventually will re- equilibrate back, totallly cooled magma xstals show same composition l Magma at composition X (30% Ca, 70% Na) cools  first xstal bytownite X liquidus solidus

9. Melt-crystal equilibrium 1 l Magma at composition X (30% Ca, 70% Na) cools  first crystal bytownite (73% Ca, 27% Na) l This shifts the composition of the remaining melt such that it is more Na-rich (Y) l What would be the next crystal to precipitate? l Finally, the last bit would crystallize from Z X Y Z

10. Melt-crystal equilibrium 1b l Precipitated crystals react with cooling liquid, eventually will re- equilibrate back, totally cooled magma xstals show same composition l UNLESS it cools so quickly the xstal becomes zoned or the early precipitates are segregated and removed from contact with the bulk of the melt

11. Why aren’t all feldspars zoned? l Kinetics, segregation l IF there is sufficient time, the crystals will re- equilibrate with the magma they are in – and reflect the total Na-Ca content of the magma l IF not, then different minerals of different composition will be present in zoned plagioclase or segregated from each other physically

12. Melt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibility l 2 component mixing and separation  chicken soup analogy, cools and separates l Fat and liquid can crystallize separately if cooled slowly l Miscibility Gap – no single phase is stable l SOUP of X composition cooled in fridge Y vs freezer Z Miscibility Gap Fat Water % fat in soup Temperature (ºC) -20 50 0 100 10 90 70 50 30 SOUP X fats ice Y Z

13. Melt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibility l 2 component mixing and separation  chicken soup analogy, cools and separates l Fat and liquid can crystallize separately if cooled slowly l Miscibility Gap – no single mineral is stable in a composition range for x temperature Miscibility Gap microcline orthoclase sanidine anorthoclase monalbite high albite low albite intermediate albite Orthoclase KAlSi 3 O 8 Albite NaAlSi 3 O 8 % NaAlSi 3 O 8 Temperature (ºC) 300 900 700 500 1100 10 90 70 50 30

14. Equilibrium l Need a description of a mineral’s equilibrium with it’s surroundings l For igneous minerals, this equilibrium is with the melt (magma) it forms from or is a representation of the Temperature and Pressure of formation