1. Earth Science/Geology Mr. Traeger

2. The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is directly related to the theory of ___________, the idea that the Earth’s tectonic plates are continuously moving.
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock

3. The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is directly related to the theory of plate tectonics, the idea that the Earth’s tectonic plates are continuously moving.
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock

4. Number
Process 1
Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock

5. 4 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock

6. 4 5 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 5

7. 4 5 4 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 5 4

8. 4 5 4 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 5 4 1

9. 4 1 5 4 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 1 5 4 1

10. 4 1 2 5 4 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 1 2 5 4 1

11. 4 3 1 2 5 4 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 3 1 2 5 4 1

12. 4 3 3 1 2 5 4 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 3 3 1 2 5 4 1

13. 4 3 3 4 1 2 5 4 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 3 3 4 1 2 5 4 1

14. 4 3 3 4 1 2 5 4 3 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 3 3 4 1 2 5 4 3 1

15. 4 3 3 4 1 2 5 4 1 3 1 Number Process 1 Heating (melting) 2
Cooling and solidification (Crystallization) 3
Heat and Pressure 4
Weathering and Erosion 5
Cementation and Compaction (Lithification) 4
Igneous Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic Rock
Magma/Lava
Sedimentary Rock 3 3 4 1 2 5 4 1 3 1

16. Igneous Rocks: Basics
_____________ rocks form when ____________ or ___________ cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

17. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

18. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
______________ is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

19. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

20. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are _______________ and ______________.

21. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

22. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.
________________ igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as __________________.

23. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.
Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as plutonic.

24. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.
Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as plutonic.
________________ igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as __________________.

25. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.
Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as plutonic.
Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as volcanic.

26. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.
Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as plutonic.
Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as volcanic.
The process where orderly patterns form when __________ cools is called _____________________.

27. Igneous Rocks: Basics
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.
Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.
Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as plutonic.
Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These rocks are also referred to as volcanic.
The process where orderly patterns form when magma cools is called crystallization.

28. Texture
_____________ cooling forms ___________, coarse textured crystals.

29. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

30. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
_____________ cooling forms ___________, fine textured crystals.

31. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

32. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main ___________ found in _____________.

33. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.

34. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by __________ and ___________.

35. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

36. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.
____________ is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.

37. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.

38. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.
An igneous rock is _______________ if it has a fine-grained texture.

39. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.
An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a fine-grained texture.

40. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.
An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a fine-grained texture.
Gas bubbles trapped in solidifying lava are known as _____________.

41. Texture
Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.
Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.
Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium are the main elements found in minerals.
Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.
Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.
An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a fine-grained texture.
Gas bubbles trapped in solidifying lava are known as vesicles.

42. Texture
An igneous rock is _______________ if it has a coarse-grained texture.

43. Texture
An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

44. Texture
An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.
An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has a _________________ texture.

45. Texture
An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.
An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.

46. Texture
An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.
An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.
Very rapid cooling can form a ___________ texture, as in obsidian.

47. Texture
An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.
An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.
Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as in obsidian.

48. Texture
An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.
An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.
Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as in obsidian.
The ________________ of an igneous rock will influence ___________.

49. Texture
An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.
An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has a porphyritic texture.
Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as in obsidian.
The composition of an igneous rock will influence texture.

50. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying ______________ content.

51. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

52. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named ____________ found that minerals with higher melting points ______________ before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for ____________ ____________ __________.

53. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for Bowen’s Reaction Series.

54. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for Bowen’s Reaction Series.
A _______________ reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different crystal structure.

55. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for Bowen’s Reaction Series.
A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different crystal structure.

56. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for Bowen’s Reaction Series.
A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different crystal structure.
A _______________ reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sodium ions to become more sodium rich.

57. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for Bowen’s Reaction Series.
A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different crystal structure.
A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sodium ions to become more sodium rich.

58. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for Bowen’s Reaction Series.
A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different crystal structure.
A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sodium ions to become more sodium rich.
__________________ ___________________ is the process of creating more than one rock type from the same magma. This proves that a single magma form many different types of igneous rocks.

59. Composition
Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.
A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis for Bowen’s Reaction Series.
A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different crystal structure.
A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sodium ions to become more sodium rich.
Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating more than one rock type from the same magma. This proves that a single magma form many different types of igneous rocks.

60. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as ______________. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

61. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

62. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.

63. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as _____________. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

64. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

65. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.
Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite with low contents of silica and high contents of iron and magnesium are known as _____________________.

66. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.
Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite with low contents of silica and high contents of iron and magnesium are known as ultramafic.

67. Classification
Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.
Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite with low contents of silica and high contents of iron and magnesium are known as ultramafic.
The following chart, reproduced from the course textbook on page 62, is how igneous rocks are classified.

68. Classification Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate) Basaltic
(Mafic)
Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained)
Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained)
Komatite
Major Mineral Composition
Quartz
K-Feldspar
Na-Feldspar
Amphibole
Intermediate plagioclase
Ca-Feldspar
Pyroxene
Olivine
Minor Mineral Composition
Muscovite
Biotite
Rock Color
Based on % dark minerals
Light-colored
< 15% dark minerals
Medium-colored
15-40% dark minerals
Dark grey to black
> 40% dark minerals
Dark-green to black
~ 100% dark minerals

69. granite Classification Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic (Intermediate)
Basaltic
(Mafic)
Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained)
granite
Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained)
Komatite
Major Mineral Composition
Quartz
K-Feldspar
Na-Feldspar
Amphibole
Intermediate plagioclase
Ca-Feldspar
Pyroxene
Olivine
Minor Mineral Composition
Muscovite
Biotite
Rock Color
Based on % dark minerals
Light-colored
< 15% dark minerals
Medium-colored
15-40% dark minerals
Dark grey to black
> 40% dark minerals
Dark-green to black
~ 100% dark minerals

70. granite diorite Classification Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic
(Intermediate)
Basaltic
(Mafic)
Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained)
granite
diorite
Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained)
Komatite
Major Mineral Composition
Quartz
K-Feldspar
Na-Feldspar
Amphibole
Intermediate plagioclase
Ca-Feldspar
Pyroxene
Olivine
Minor Mineral Composition
Muscovite
Biotite
Rock Color
Based on % dark minerals
Light-colored
< 15% dark minerals
Medium-colored
15-40% dark minerals
Dark grey to black
> 40% dark minerals
Dark-green to black
~ 100% dark minerals

71. granite diorite gabbro Classification Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic
(Intermediate)
Basaltic
(Mafic)
Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained)
granite
diorite
gabbro
Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained)
Komatite
Major Mineral Composition
Quartz
K-Feldspar
Na-Feldspar
Amphibole
Intermediate plagioclase
Ca-Feldspar
Pyroxene
Olivine
Minor Mineral Composition
Muscovite
Biotite
Rock Color
Based on % dark minerals
Light-colored
< 15% dark minerals
Medium-colored
15-40% dark minerals
Dark grey to black
> 40% dark minerals
Dark-green to black
~ 100% dark minerals

72. granite diorite gabbro rhyolite Classification Granitic (Felsic)
Andesitic
(Intermediate)
Basaltic
(Mafic)
Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained)
granite
diorite
gabbro
Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained)
rhyolite
Komatite
Major Mineral Composition
Quartz
K-Feldspar
Na-Feldspar
Amphibole
Intermediate plagioclase
Ca-Feldspar
Pyroxene
Olivine
Minor Mineral Composition
Muscovite
Biotite
Rock Color
Based on % dark minerals
Light-colored
< 15% dark minerals
Medium-colored
15-40% dark minerals
Dark grey to black
> 40% dark minerals
Dark-green to black
~ 100% dark minerals

73. granite diorite gabbro rhyolite andesite Classification
Granitic (Felsic)
Andesitic
(Intermediate)
Basaltic
(Mafic)
Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained)
granite
diorite
gabbro
Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained)
rhyolite
andesite
Komatite
Major Mineral Composition
Quartz
K-Feldspar
Na-Feldspar
Amphibole
Intermediate plagioclase
Ca-Feldspar
Pyroxene
Olivine
Minor Mineral Composition
Muscovite
Biotite
Rock Color
Based on % dark minerals
Light-colored
< 15% dark minerals
Medium-colored
15-40% dark minerals
Dark grey to black
> 40% dark minerals
Dark-green to black
~ 100% dark minerals

74. granite diorite gabbro rhyolite andesite basalt Classification
Granitic (Felsic)
Andesitic
(Intermediate)
Basaltic
(Mafic)
Ultramafic
Phaneritic (coarse-grained)
granite
diorite
gabbro
Peridotite
Aphanitic (fine-grained)
rhyolite
andesite
basalt
Komatite
Major Mineral Composition
Quartz
K-Feldspar
Na-Feldspar
Amphibole
Intermediate plagioclase
Ca-Feldspar
Pyroxene
Olivine
Minor Mineral Composition
Muscovite
Biotite
Rock Color
Based on % dark minerals
Light-colored
< 15% dark minerals
Medium-colored
15-40% dark minerals
Dark grey to black
> 40% dark minerals
Dark-green to black
~ 100% dark minerals

75. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily _______________ rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by ___________________ rock.

76. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.

77. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through _____________________ and ___________________________ of layers of sediment.

78. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and compaction of layers of sediment.

79. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and compaction of layers of sediment.
Most sedimentary rocks form in __________________ environments.

80. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and compaction of layers of sediment.
Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.

81. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and compaction of layers of sediment.
Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.
______________________ is when rock fragments settle in a particular area.

82. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and compaction of layers of sediment.
Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.
Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a particular area.

83. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and compaction of layers of sediment.
Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.
Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a particular area.
In a stream, __________________ is first to be deposited, then _______________, then ____________________.

84. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is covered by Sedimentary rock.
In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and compaction of layers of sediment.
Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.
Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a particular area.
In a stream, boulders are first to be deposited, then gravel, then sand/silt.

85. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become ________________ when they bump in to each other in a stream.

86. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.

87. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.
Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.
_________________ rock
__________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are:

88. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.
Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.
Clastic rock
_________________ rock
__________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are:

89. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.
Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.
Clastic rock
_________________ rock
__________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are: Sandstone and Shale
Common examples are:

90. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.
Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.
Clastic rock
Chemical Evaporite rock
__________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are: Sandstone and Shale
Common examples are:

91. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.
Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.
Clastic rock
Chemical Evaporite rock
__________________ rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are: Sandstone and Shale
Common examples are: Salt and Tufa
Common examples are:

92. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.
Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.
Clastic rock
Chemical Evaporite rock
Organic or Bioclastic rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are: Sandstone and Shale
Common examples are: Salt and Tufa
Common examples are:

93. Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a stream.
Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.
Clastic rock
Chemical Evaporite rock
Organic or Bioclastic rock
Fragments of other rocks that are cemented and compacted together create this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate, or fall out of solution, form this type of rock.
Rocks that are formed from sediments consisting of the remains of plants and animals.
Common examples are: Sandstone and Shale
Common examples are: Salt and Tufa
Common examples are: Chalk, Fossiliferous Limestone, Bituminous Coal

94. Features of Sedimentary Rock
The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is __________________ the arrangement of visible layers.

95. Features of Sedimentary Rock
The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification, the arrangement of visible layers.

96. Features of Sedimentary Rock
The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification, the arrangement of visible layers.
The ______________ layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom of a column. The _______________ layers are always on the top of a column.

97. Features of Sedimentary Rock
The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification, the arrangement of visible layers.
The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom of a column. The youngest layers are always on the top of a column.

98. Features of Sedimentary Rock
The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification, the arrangement of visible layers.
The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom of a column. The youngest layers are always on the top of a column.
Some sedimentary rocks contain ___________________. These could be the remains, impression, or any other evidence of a plant or animal preserved in rock. See Chapter 29 for details.

99. Features of Sedimentary Rock
The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification, the arrangement of visible layers.
The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom of a column. The youngest layers are always on the top of a column.
Some sedimentary rocks contain fossils. These could be the remains, impression, or any other evidence of a plant or animal preserved in rock. See Chapter 29 for details.

100. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called _______________ rocks. The _________________ rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

101. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

102. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by ___________________, ___________________, and __________________ ________________ is called metamorphism.

103. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is called metamorphism.

104. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is called metamorphism.
There are two basic types of metamorphism: _____________ and _____________.

105. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is called metamorphism.
There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.

106. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is called metamorphism.
There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.
_________________ metamorphism can occur during mountain-building events. The intense ___________ and _____________ from overlying and compressing rock causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or internal structure of the rock to change.

107. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is called metamorphism.
There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.
Regional metamorphism can occur during mountain-building events. The intense heat and pressure from overlying and compressing rock causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or internal structure of the rock to change.

108. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is called metamorphism.
There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.
Regional metamorphism can occur during mountain-building events. The intense heat and pressure from overlying and compressing rock causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or internal structure of the rock to change.
Metamorphic rocks are ____________ dense than the parent rocks.

109. Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks. The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is called metamorphism.
There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.
Regional metamorphism can occur during mountain-building events. The intense heat and pressure from overlying and compressing rock causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or internal structure of the rock to change.
Metamorphic rocks are more dense than the parent rocks.

110. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of _____________, _________________, and _________________ ________________.

111. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.

112. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Two types of local metamorphism are called _____________ and ______________.

113. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.

114. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.
________________ metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in contact with rock, thereby heating and changing it.

115. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.
Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in contact with rock, thereby heating and changing it.

116. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.
Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in contact with rock, thereby heating and changing it.
________________ metamorphism occurs at low temperatures and high pressure caused by stress and friction near earthquake faults. The altered rocks have the same mineral composition, but show changes in structure and texture.

117. Metamorphic Rock Processes
The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.
Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in contact with rock, thereby heating and changing it.
Deformational metamorphism occurs at low temperatures and high pressure caused by stress and friction near earthquake faults. The altered rocks have the same mineral composition, but show changes in structure and texture.

118. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

119. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
____________________ is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.

120. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.

121. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.
Metamorphic rocks are either ________________ or _______ ________________.
______________________ rocks
_______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers
Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are:

122. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.
Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.
______________________ rocks
_______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers
Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are:

123. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.
Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.
Foliated rocks
_______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers
Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are:

124. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.
Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.
Foliated rocks
_______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers
Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Slate, Schist, Phyllite, Gneiss
Common examples are:

125. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.
Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.
Foliated rocks
Non-foliated rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers
Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Slate, Schist, Phyllite, Gneiss
Common examples are:

126. Metamorphic Rock Descriptions
The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along parallel layers.
Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.
Foliated rocks
Non-foliated rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of minerals or split along parallel layers
Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Slate, Schist, Phyllite, Gneiss
Common examples are: Marble, Quartzite