1. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Converting Molecular Meshes into Smooth Interpolatory Spline Solid Models Joel Daniels II Elaine Cohen David Johnson

2. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Physical Visualizations Conventional techniques unable to represent complex molecular data in physical form Immersive computer environments –Tactile feedback lost! –Haptics? Embed multiple representations within a single physical form

3. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Physical Visualizations

4. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Challenges Convert the triangle mesh into spline model Data segmentation Inter-surface continuity

5. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Why Convert the Mesh?

6. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Conversion System Data segmentation Cross boundary tangents Corner tangents and twists Complete spline interpolation

7. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Data Segmentation Inherent nature of input mesh Map triangles to an icosahedron Walk vertices extracting rows and columns Fill in the complete spline interpolation matrix

8. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Boundary Tangents Align rows and columns of adjacent surfaces Fit quadratic function to indicated points Evaluate tangent at the boundary point Both surfaces influence tangent direction equally Fill in the complete spline interpolation matrix

9. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Stitching Corners Two corner scenarios –3-way corners around equator –5-way corners at poles Impossible to ensure parametric continuity Instead strive for geometric continuity Discussion done in terms of the 3-way corner, but it is extendable to N-way corners Extract the corner neighborhood Assign a parameterization and weights Fit a cubic surface to the neighborhood Compute tangent control points along each boundary Compute twist control points satisfying constraints Compute tangent and twist values that realize the given control points Fill in the complete spline interpolation matrix

10. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Extract the corner neighborhood

11. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Assign a parameterization and weights

12. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Fit a cubic surface to the neighborhood

13. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Compute tangent control points along each boundary

14. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Compute twist control points satisfying constraints

15. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Compute tangent and twist values that realize the given control points

16. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Discontinuity Minimization Analysis γ´(u) = (c 1 – c 0 ) β 0 (u) + (c 2 – c 1 ) β 1 (u) + (c 3 – c 2 ) β 2 (u) γ´(u) x L(u) = γ´(u) x R(u) γ´(u) x (L(u) – R(u)) = 0 L(u) – R(u) = [(l 0 – c 0 ) – (c 0 – r 0 )] θ 0 (u) + [(l 1 – c 1 ) – (c 1 – r 1 )] θ 1 (u) + [(l 2 – c 2 ) – (c 2 – r 2 )] θ 2 (u) + [(l 3 – c 3 ) – (c 3 – r 3 )] θ 3 (u) = 2 [(l 0 + r 0 )/2 – c 0 ] θ 0 (u) = 2 (M – c 0 ) θ 0 (u) θ 0 (u) [(M – c 0 ) x (c 1 – c 0 ) β 0 (u) + (M – c 0 ) x (c 2 – c 1 ) β 1 (u) + (M – c 0 ) x (c 3 – c 2 ) β 2 (u)] = 0 When (c 2 – c 1 ) and (c 3 – c 2 ) do not align with (c 1 – c 0 ) then the neighborhood is curved and no value of ‘M’ will satisfy the equation The algorithm aligns (M – c 0 ) with (c 1 – c 0 ) eliminating the largest contributor of the error

17. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Case Studies Lower Curvature Model –Worst angle = 1.74º original angle = 7.6º – 99% of the boundaries within 1º of G 1 continuity Higher Curvature Model –Worst angle = 4.48º original angle = 12.4º – 98% of boundaries within 1º of G 1 continuity

18. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Conclusion Internally bi-cubic spline surfaces are C 2 continuous G 1 discontinuities confined to first and last knot intervals Algorithm guarantees G 1 continuous corner when possible, otherwise it attempts to minimize created features Successfully convert mesh into a smooth spline model

19. Joel Daniels II University of Utah GDC Group Questions?