1. 1 The Biogas System and Applications Michael Martin Environmental Technology and Management Michael.Martin@liu.se

2. 2 Overview Biogas Concept and History in Linköping The Biogas System Biogas Energy and Material Flows How to make the ‘system’ better –Biofuel Synergies –Synergies with other Industries Biogas Applications Barriers to Biogas Expansion (Reverse Salients) Future Applications

3. 3 The Biogas Concept =

4. 4 Brief History of Linköping and Biogas Increasing soot and pollution from diesel buses Possible natural gas pipe coming Make use of wastes  Biogas Partnership with SCAN and Tekniska Verken Biogas Fleet of Buses Vehicle Conversions New biogas concepts….

5. 5 Linköping’s Success Persistence by politicians The company Tekniska Verken –Economic strength (500 million Euros turnover, 45 million Euros profit) –Independent from traditional sectors and innovative –Waste, water, energy etc in the same company Organisation for integrating agricultural, food, waste, transport and energy sectors

6. 6 The Biogas System

7. 7 Agroetanol, Norrköping Agricultural Wastes Industrial Organic Wastes Household Organic Wastes Methane Solid Digestate CO 2 ElectricityHeat Energy Inputs Heat Energy Outputs Material Inputs Material Outputs Liquid Effluent Other Gases Biogas Material and Energy Review

8. 8 How to make the biogas process better? (Environmental Performance) Make use of waste heat and electricity Find further raw materials and by-products Discover markets for outputs Expand the infrastructure Better the process

9. 9 Synergies with other biofuels (My Research) Biofuels have many inputs, outputs and by- products These technologies are linked Biodiesel Process Biodiesel Bioethanol Process Bioethanol Biogas Process Biogas By-products

10. 10 Ethanol Synergies Example Outputs Used and to Be used include: Stillage Syrup Biomass Raw Gas (Biogas) from WWT at Ethanol Facilities Raw Gas, Combustion Ethanol Water Stillage Syrup/Molasses CO 2 Biomass * Biogas (WWT)

11. 11 Biodiesel Synergies Glycerol  Very Good Biogas Input Biomass from Inputs Seedcake  Biogas, Fertilizer, Fodder Biodiesel Water * Glycerol Alcohol (Recovered) Seed Cake * Heat * In some processes

12. 12 Tanzanian Small Scale Biogas

13. 13 Cascaded Production/Biogas

14. 14 Synergies with other industry CO 2 = very attractive Digestate  Pellets, Fodder, Fertilizer Reduce environmental impacts and fuel use –For example: Flint, Michigan WWT Plant (SBI) Agroetanol, Norrköping Agricultural Wastes Industrial Organic Wastes Household Organic Wastes Methane Solid Digestate CO 2 Liquid Effluent Other Gases Sewage

15. 15 Replace Chemical Fertilizers Recycle Manure and other agricultural products Certified, KRAV and other marks Biofertilizer

16. 16 Biogas Applications Major Uses for Biogas Vehicle Fuel Heating and Cooking Electricity Production Hydrogen Production (Fuel Cells) Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

17. 17 Bi-Fuel Vehicle System 2 Tanks (Gasoline and CNG) Choice Between CNG or Biogas and Gasoline Automatic Switch and/or Manual Switch

18. 18 Emissions vs. other Fuels Every emission lowered (except methane) Much cleaner, More efficient

19. 19 Biogas Heating and Cooking

20. 20 Electricity Production Incentives in Germany  Electricity

21. 21 What is holding back biogas development? Fueling Infrastructure –Filling Stations –Biogas Grid Biogas Cleaning and Refining Vehicle Availability Regional Applicability (Hard to Transport) Reverse Salients: Critical problems limiting the development

22. 22 Gas Petrol Fueling and Infrastructure “Simple, yet Complex….”

23. 23 Fueling Options

24. 24 Connection to European/Swedish Gas- Grid Connect to grid Blend biogas w/ natural gas METHANE! Allow for use Expanded Market More electricity and heating applications

25. 25 Biogas Cleaning CO 2 Methane Heavy Research Large Energy Inputs Example: Cryogenic Separation

26. 26 Handling of Digestate Major setback to biogas development What to do with wastes… –No one wants the biogas wastes –Can it be used for feed? –Is it toxic/volatile/harmful? Drying the digestate? –Pelletize the waste for energy –Pellets for Fodder? –Drying would decrease transport costs

27. 27 Mercedes E200 NGT Volvo V70 Opel ZafiraVolkswagen Touran Opel Combo Volkswagen T5 Volkswagen Caddy Fiat Punto Vehicle Selection and Range USED Mercedes E200

28. 28 New/Future Vehicles Mercedes B1700VW Passat Future ?

29. 29 Other Vehicles Selection…

30. 30 Future Possibility: Greenhouses and Pig Farm Synergies

31. 31 CO 2 Heat Biogas Manure Fertilizer Electricity CO2 Greenhouse and Pig Farm Overview

32. 32 Future Possibility: Biofuels from Algae

33. 33 Conclusion: Pros and Cons AdvantagesDisadvantages Use in Vehicles Bi-fuel Vehicle (Gas or Methane) Clean burning fuel Expensive Tanks Increased Weight Infrastructure Can be combined with current methane distribution Not common infrastructure for vehicles Special pumping needed Hard to transport Environmental Reduced GHG emissions Methane emissions captured No crops or plantations required Less nitrogen fertilizers required if byproducts used Methane Slip? CO 2 Other Free Parking Permits Made from any organic waste Costly initial investments

34. 34 Conclusions Biogas system depends heavily upon incentives and legislation Infrastructural capacity will increase biogas production Sweden, more focus on vehicle fuel Synergies will improve and expand market Volvo and Saab… And YOUR COMMENTS Tack så mycket!