1. Open Path Methods Building Environment Research & Education AgAirQuality.com Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Albert J. Heber, Professor heber@purdue.edu

2. Biocurtain at Laying House Biocurtain over 3 fans Lab

3. Inside Biocurtain at Layer House

4. NRC Report on Air Emissions EmissionsGlobal/Nat.LocalConcern NH3MajorMinorN-Dep/PM 2.5 N2OSignificantInsignificantClimate NOxSignificantMinorHaze/ Health CH4SignificantInsignificantClimate VOCsInsignificantMinorQuality H2SInsignificantSignificantQuality PM10InsignificantSignificantHaze PM2.5InsignificantSignificantHealth/ Haze OdorInsignificantMajorQuality

5. Type of SensorFTIRUVOPL Detector coolingCryocooler-- Path Length, m400150-10002000 ModeMonostaticBistaticMonostatic CompoundsNH3, VOC*, CH4NH3, H2S, NoxH2S or NH3 Scan frequency, Hz114000 Detection Limits Hydrogen sulfide Deuterium ppm-m10-300.4-56-25 ppb 75-6002.8-33 3-120 Linear upper range Ammonia Xenon ppm-m1.522 ppb2-503-201-40 Linear upper range903 ModelsBLS, TOM BLS Comparing Open Path Sensors

6. Type of SensorFTIRUVOPL ScanningYes ? Reflectors - 200 m30 cubeSmall retro 400 m60 cube 1000 m90 cube Real-time quantificationyesyes, w/ BLSyes Capital cost140K$20K-$45K$30K Short term costsnone Annual costsRepump cooler, replace retros New sourceNone Recalibration needsNoneAnnually$7K laser/7 yr.

7. FTIR with 48-m Closed Cell  Advantages  Measures greenhouse gases  Measures ammonia: MDL=<6 ppb, NO, NO 2  Measures dozens of other gases, SO 2  Real-time measurement  Quick response: limited by cell volume  Disadvantages  Expensive: $75,000  Heavy, non-portable

8. Scanning FTIR - Tomography  Layer house  Horizontal scanning  Vertical scanning

9. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004

11. Field Measurement of Air Pollutants Near Swine Confined Animal Feeding Operations using UV DOAS and FTIR C. D. Secrest (paper presented in 2000)  Ambient ammonia concentrations 0.8 km from a large swine facility with lagoons over a two week period were 0 to 900 ppb.  An Iowa Study Group recommended that ambient exposure to ammonia should not exceed 150 ppb.  The UV DOAS and FTIR were in good agreement.  Open-path monitors combined with wind monitors are powerful tools for comparing daytime and nighttime pollutant concentrations, and for determining the effect of wind speed on concentration.

12. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004  Area sources -> diffuse plumes  Open-path -> entire plume length  An array paths maps the plume

13. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004 wind OP-FTIR Measurement Paths for Path-Integrated Optical Remote Sensing (Tomography)

14. Controlled release simulation of an area source under unstable air conditions – worst case Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: average flux - 1.12g/s 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 concentrations are in mg/m 3 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: Run #1 flux - 1.22g/s 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 concentrations are in mg/m 3 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: Run #2 flux - 1.15g/s 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 concentrations are in mg/m 3 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: Run #3 flux - 1.01g/s 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 concentrations are in mg/m 3 Height [meters] Reconstructed plumes Actual release rate = 1.7 g/s Calculated flux = 1.2 g/s Measured σ θ = 50.7° Pasquill-Gifford Stability A - Unstable

15. Controlled release simulation of an area source under stable air conditions – best case Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: average flux - 1.45g/s 0.9 1.8 2.6 3.5 concentrations are in mg/m 3 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: Run #1 flux - 1.29g/s 0.9 1.9 2.8 3.8 concentrations are in mg/m 3 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: Run #2 flux - 1.6g/s 1.1 2.1 3.2 4.2 concentrations are in mg/m 3 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: Run #3 flux - 1.49g/s 3.5 7 7 10.5 14 concentrations are in mg/m 3 04080120160200240 2 6 10 14 Crosswind Distance [meters] Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: Run #4 flux - 1.75g/s 1 1 2 2 2.9 3.9 concentrations are in mg/m 3 Reconstructed plumes Actual release rate = 1.7 g/s Calculated flux = 1.5 g/s Measured σ θ = 12.7° Pasquill-Gifford Stability C-D - Neutral

16. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004 FTIR References Harris, D. B., and E.L. Thompson, Jr. 1998. Evaluation of ammonia emission from swine operations in North Carolina. Proc. Emission Inventory-Living in a Global Environment, VIP-88, pp. 420-429. AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA. Harris, D. B., E.L. Thompson, Jr., D.A. Kirchgessner, J.W. Childers, M. Clayton, D.F. Natschke, W.J. Phillips. 1999. Multi-pollutant concentration mapping around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path FTIR spectrometry. Workshop on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds II: Emissions, Transport, Transformation, Deposition and Assessment, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, pp. 237-246. Childers, J. W., E.L. Thompson, Jr., D.B. Harris, D.A. Kirchgessner, M. Clayton, D.A. Natschke, W.J. Phillips. 2001. Multi-pollutant measurements around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path spectrometry. Atm. Env. 35: 1023-1936. Childers, J. W., Thompson, E. L., Jr., Harris, D. B., Kirchgessner, D. A., Clayton, M., Natschke, D. A., Phillips, W. J. (2001) Application of standardized quality control procedures to open-path fourier transform infrared data collected at a concentrated swine production facility. Env. Science & Tech. 35:1859-1866.

17. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004 FTIR References Childers, J. W., E.L. Thompson, Jr., D.B. Harris, D.A. Kirchgessner, M. Clayton, D.A. Natschke, W.J. Phillips. 2000. Comparison of an innovative algorithm to classical least squares for analyzing open-path fourier transform infrared spectra collected at a concentrated swine production facility. Appl.Spect. 56:325-336. Hashmonay, R. A., D.A. Natschke, K. Wagoner, D.B. Harris, E.L. Thompson, Jr., M.G. Yost. 2001. Field evaluation of a method for estimating gaseous fluxes from area sources using open-path fourier transform infrared. Env. Sci. Tech. 35:2309-2313. Harris, D. B., E.L. Thompson, Jr., Vogel, C. A., Hashmonay, R. A., Natschke, D. A., Wagoner, K. Yost, M.G. Innovative approach for measuring ammonia and methane fluxes from a hog farm using open-path fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 94th Annual Conf. of the AWMA, VIP-102-CD, AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA 2001. Hashmonay, R.A. and D.B. Harris. 2001. Particulate matter measurements using open- path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 94th Annual Conference of the Air & Waste Management Association, VIP-102-CD, AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA. Harris, D.B., R.C. Shores, L.G. Jones. Ammonia Emission Factors from Swine Finishing Operations. Int. Emissions Inventory Conference, “One Atmosphere, One Inventory, Many Challenges.” www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conferences/ei10/index.html.www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conferences/ei10/index.html

18. Notice that a complete flux measurement (flux sampling of plume to large height) overestimates the flux by ~ 10% (this is because of the neglect of turbulent flux) 15 m 5 m 25 m C plume in neutral conditions along measurement plane Flux measurement plane Neutral Stability Wind Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 pondssheds ponds sheds

19. 15 m 5 m 25 m C plume in unstable conditions along measurement plane Flux measurement plane Notice that even if you go to z=50 m you don’t capture all the flux Unstable (daytime) Wind Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 Smeared plume

20. 15 m 5 m 25 m C plume in stable conditions along measurement plane Flux measurement plane Stable (nighttime) Wind Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004

21. Backward Lagrangian Stochastic (BLS) Dispersion Models  Backward Lagrangian Stochastic Modeling  Introduced by Flesch, T.K., and J.D. Wilson. 1995. Backward-time Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models and their application to estimate gaseous emissions. J. Applied Meteorology 34:1320-1332.  Utilizes point or line measurement  Ultrasonic or cup anemometers  Flexible and easy to use.  Surface layer model. Locate < 1 km.  Commercial software available www.thunderbeachscientific.com www.thunderbeachscientific.com

22. UV-DOAS  Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy  1-1000 ppb path length  Fast scanning, compact, tunable  EPA Equivalent Method for SO 2, O 3 and NO 2.  Also measures ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylenes, styrene, Hg, HF, HNO 2, HCHO  Continuous operation  MDL for ammonia = 2.8 to 5.8 ppb Source: Myers, J., T. Kelly, C. Lawrie, and K. Riggs. 2000. ETV Technology Evaluation Report. Opsis, Inc. AR-500 Ultraviolet Open-Path Monitor. ETV Advanced Monitoring Systems Center, Battelle.

23. EPA Lab for Ambient Measurements UV-DOAS TEOM MET tower 1-min averaging and recording intervals

24. Collocated UV’s

25. Source: Bruce Harris, U.S. EPA, 2004 Micromet Setup at Lagoons FTIR & Tomography UV & BLS FTIR & BLS

26. Equipment Required per Team  Two FTIR scanning systems with 20 retros  Two UV systems  Four computers for optical remote sensors  One computer for data QAQC and analysis  Two 3D ultrasonic anemometers (2 and 12 m)  Complete weather station  Two, 12-m towers for FTIR/UV systems  One, 2 m tower for ultrasonic anemometer  Software for computed tomography method  Software for BLS method  Van and trailer

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