1. Extra Credit Procedures Receive Stamp for Completing on time Grade your answers using the answer sheets (come in outside of class to grade: Mon & Wed.) MC: write correct response, key term, pg ref. Give the overall raw score Essay responses: highlight correct rersponses **Write in added concepts not mentioned in your response Complete the grading by Jan 20 th Receive 2 nd stamp Turn in clean copy of the test(s) Point value: 15 pts for each Test

2. Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ #1 1)Give three important properties of water 2)How is an amino acid different from a nucleic acid? 3)Explain how a carbohydrate is different from a lipid? Give three examples of each. 4)How is glycolysis different from the Kreb Cycle? 5)Give three differences between Mitosis and Meiosis 6)Why is cholesterol an important part of a membrane? 7)How can you tell if genes are linked? 8)Name three aneuploidy conditions and three Autosomal recessive disorders we discussed.

3. Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ #1 9)Put these scientists in the proper Historical sequence according to their key discoveries. Generate a timeline labeling each person on it with the date. SumnerMeselson & Stahl MorganPeter Mitchell Garrod Hershey & Chase GriffithSinger & Nicholson Meissner Watson & Crick Frye & Edidin Avery, Macloed, & McCarty

4. Timeline for IQ #1 Meissner (1868) Garrod (1908) Morgan (1910) Sumner (1926) Griffith (1928) Avery, McCloed, & Macarty (1944) Hershey & Chase (1952) Watson & Crick (1953) Meselson & Stahl (1958) Peter Mitchell (1961) Frye & Edidin (1970) Singer & Nicholson (1972)

5. IQ #1 Cont’d 10) For each enzyme determine the process it is involved with and what it specifically does. Eco R1, Hind III, and BAM IHelicase TelomeraseLactase DNA PolymeraseSSBP’s Aminoacetyl-tRNA synthetaseDNA ligase Cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk’s) Dehydrogenase (name two) ATP synthase Pyruvate kinase Kinase (name two from Glycolysis)

6. Expected Results PLATESOBSERVATIONS +pGlo LB/amp Many colonies with white appearance Transformation observed (resistance to amp) NO fluorescence (No arabinose present) +pGlo LB/amp/ara Many transformed white colonies Fluoresce bright green under UV light -pGlo LB/amp (CONTROL) No Bacterial growth present on the plate No transformation -pGlo LB only (CONTROL Bacteria present with whitish colonies (regeneration of the starter plate)

7. Chapter 17~ Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

8. Introductory Questions #2 1)Why is evolution such a controversial subject? 2)Name the key founders (original people) for the idea evolution. 3)Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin considered in formulating his theory of natural selection. 4)Name three people that influenced Darwin’s thinking as he developed his theory. 5)Name the four key observations Darwin made. 6)Why is fossil evidence considered the “most direct” evidence for evolution? Approximantly, how many fossil species have been discovered? 7)What are the three methods for generating a date of a fossil?

9. Introductory Questions #3 1)What is meant by homoplastic features? 2)Organisms that are from separate ancestries adapt to their environments similarly from similar structures. This is an example of. 3)How many vestigial structures have been observed in humans. Name three of them. 4)Why is biogeography (distribution of species) important evidence for evolution? 5)Why is the chimpanzee considered to be the closest living relative of humans? 6)How is a phylogenetic tree generated and what sort of information does it provide?

10. Evolutionary History Linnaeus: taxonomy Hutton: gradualism Lamarck: evolution Malthus: populations Cuvier: Paleontology Lyell: uniformitarianism Darwin: evolution Mendel: inheritance Wallace: evolution

11. Lyell (Geologist)Lyell (Geologist) – Earth was ancient & ever- changing Influences on Darwin’s Theory

12. Malthus (Economist)Malthus (Economist) –“Survival of the Fittest” Political & Philosophical RenaissancePolitical & Philosophical Renaissance Influences on Darwin’s Theory

13. Evolution Evolution: the change over time of the genetic composition of populations Natural selection: populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success) Evolutionary adaptations: a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ survival and reproduction November 24, 1859

14. Descent with Modification 4 Observations: -Variation -Overproduction -Limits to population -Differential Reproductive success

15. Noted subtle differences in finches & tortoises, by island & compared to mainlandNoted subtle differences in finches & tortoises, by island & compared to mainland Galapagos Islands

17. Phylogenetic Tree of Darwin’s Finches

18. Common Ancestory

19. Introductory Questions #2 1)Why is evolution such a controversial subject? 2)Name the key founders (original people) for the idea evolution. 3)Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin considered in formulating his theory of natural selection. 4)Name three people that influenced Darwin’s thinking as he developed his theory. 5)Name the four key observations Darwin made. 6)Why is fossil evidence considered the “most direct” evidence for evolution? Approximantly, how many fossil species have been discovered? 7)What are the three methods for generating a date of a fossil?

20. Major pieces of Evidence for Evolution Biogeography Comparative Anatomy (homologous structures) Comparative Embryology Fossils Post Darwin: “Neo Darwinism” also called synthetic theory Molecular Genetics: DNA/Amino acid Sequencing Chromosomal Changes Mutations

21. Evolution evidence: Biogeography Geographical distribution of species Examples: Islands vs. Mainland Australia Continents

22. Evolution Evidence: Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures (homology) Descent from a common ancestor Vestigial organs Ex: whale/snake hindlimbs; wings on flightless birds

23. Analogous Structures Convergent Evolution due to similar nichesConvergent Evolution due to similar niches

24. Evolution Evidence: Comparative Embryology Pharyngeal pouches, ‘tails’ as embryos

25. Evolution Evidence: Molecular Biology Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene products Common genetic code

26. Molecular evidence for common Ancestry

27. Evolution Evidence: The Fossil Record Succession of forms over time Transitional links Vertebrate descent

28. Fossil Evidence Fossils: remains and traces left behind by organisms -most direct evidence for evolution -provides a record of ancient organisms that have existed -able to generate a timeline -observe the presence of vestigial structures -ancestral descent and lineages can be generated -more aquatic fossils vs. terrestrial have been found Types of Fossils: imprints, hair, nails, tissue, and other remains Locations:sedimentary rock, ice, amber, tar, quicksand, petrification

29. Dating Fossils Location within the rock strata (use index fossil) Radioactive isotopes (half-life) –K 40 half life is 1.3 billion years  argon –U 235 half life is 704 million years → lead –U 238 half life is 4.5 billion → lead –C 14 half life is 5730 years  nitrogen

30. Extinct Whale w/ small hind limbs

31. Evolution of the Horse

32. Key Points to Remember A population evolves not an individual organism The accumulation of small changes over long periods of time results in larger changes A new species emerges with slightly different characteristics usually because of being isolated. How and why organisms are able to transmit heritable traits to the next generation was not explained by Darwin.

33. Final words…... “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”