1. Capital Budgeting Decide how to invest money so that its value is maximized

2. Capital Budgeting Process Capital budget (investment) proposals are examined on basis of their cash outlays and resulting flow of future benefits over period of time greater than one year.

3. Capital Budgeting Process 1.Identify alternative investment opportunities and the capital required for each one. 2. Assess organizations ability to generate investment capital for capital budgeting period

4. Capital Budgeting Process 3. Measure cash (benefit) flows from alternative capital investment opportunities 4.Evaluate proposals using selected criteria Increase log inventory to reduce risk of mill downtime during Spring breakup?

5. Capital Budgeting Process 5.Select alternatives to fund and implement 6.Review performance for feed-back to decision makers Buy new skidder to reduce maintenance cost on old one and increase productivity?

6. Criteria to Rank Alternatives Net Present Value Internal Rate of Return Benefit /Cost Ratio Payback Period

7. Notation ARR – alternative rate of return B - annual nonmarket value, dollars B/C - benefit/cost ratio EAA - equivalent annual annuity IRR - internal rate of return MAR – minimum acceptable rate of return N - project life, years NPV = net present value

8. Notation C y – cost in year y PV - present value r - real interest rate R y - revenue in year y y - index of years

9. Net Present Value NPV = ∑ = ∑ RyRy CyCy (1+r) y y=0 n R y - C y (1+r) y y=0 n

10. Example of NPV Year Project D Cash Flows 0-400 5-100 8 15+200 30+6,600

11. Project D NPV C 0 = - $400/(1.06) 0 = - $ 400.00 C 5 = - $100/(1.06) 5 =- $ 74.73 R 15 = $200/(1.06) 15 = $ 83.45 R 30 = $6,600/(1.06) 30 = $1,149.13 NPV = 757.85

12. Net Present Value Guideline Project must at least cover the opportunity cost as measured by the minimum acceptable rate of return (MAR) used to calculate present values Project is acceptable if NPV is zero or greater Projects with negative NPV are unacceptable

13. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The r that makes NPV = 0 Find by iterating over r until NPV = 0 Meaning – r that makes PV of costs and PV of revenues equal

14. IRR Guideline Project is acceptable if its IRR is equal to or greater than the minimum acceptable rate of return (MAR) Relationship to NPV criteria – if MAR is the discount rate (r) used to calculate NPV, then IRR and NPV will accept same projects.

15. Benefit/Cost Ratio PV (benefits)/PV (costs), or PV (revenues)/PV (expenses) ∑ R y /(1+r) y = ∑ C y /(1+r) y n y=0 n

16. Benefit/Cost Ratio Guideline Accept project if B/C ≥ 1.0 If B/C ≥ 1.0 then –NPV ≥ 0, and –IRR ≥ MAR

17. PV of costs PV of revenues Relationship of NPV, IRR and B/C B/C < 1 NPV < 0 B/C > 1 NPV > 0 IRR

18. Payback Period Time required for net revenue to equal invested capital Example, –Invest $10,000 –Net revenue is $5,000 per year –Payback is 2 years, ($10,000/$5,000) Best used in conjunction with other criteria

19. Ranking Projects NPV, IRR, and B/C may not rank alternative projects in the same order Additional ranking criteria –Mutually exclusive projects – only one can be chosen –Independent Opposite of mutually exclusive, Can all be adopted

20. Ranking Projects Additional ranking criteria, cont. –Divisible – can invest in part of a project –Indivisible – all or nothing

21. Timing of cash flows affects rankings Timing of revenue and expenditures is critcal –Worst case is front-loaded costs and back-loaded revenues Rankings by NPV and IRR are different depending on MAR

22. Example of NPV Year Project D Cash Flows Project N Cash Flows 0-400 5-100 8+1,200 15+200 30+6,600+2,500

23. Project D NPV C 0 = - $400/(1.06) 0 = - $ 400.00 C 5 = - $100/(1.06) 5 =- $ 74.73 R 15 = $200/(1.06) 15 = $ 83.45 R 30 = $6,600/(1.06) 30 = $1,149.13 NPV = 757.85

24. Project N NPV C 0 = - $400/(1.06) 0 = - $ 400.00 C 5 = - $100/(1.06) 5 =- $ 4.73 R 8 = $1,200/(1.06) 15 = $ 752.89 R 30 = $6,600/(1.06) 30 = $ 435.28 NPV = $ 713.44

25. Example of NPV Year Project D Cash Flows Project N Cash Flows 0-400 5-100 8+1,200 15+200 30+6,600+2,500 $2,756 gives D & N same NPV’s NPV$758 $713

26. NPV project D NPV project N NPV same at 6.3% 2461410 IRR = 9.7% IRR=14.5% NPV Interest Rate