1. THE TRUNK and SPINAL COLUMN
Chapter 12

2. Bones of the Spinal Column
33 bones, 24 are flexible
A. Cervical - 7
B. Thoracic - 12
C. Lumbar - 5
D. Sacrum - 5 (false vertebrae - fused together)
E. Coccyx - 4 (false vertebrae - fused together)
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3. Landmarks of the Vertebrae

4. General Landmarks 1. Spinous process
3. Transverse process - tubercle of rib articulates
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen

5. General Landmarks
Vertebral notch
Superior
Inferior

6. General Landmarks
Intervertebral foramen

7. Cervical Vertebrae

8. Cervical Vertebrae First 7 vertebrae Identified as C1 – C7 C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis

9. Atlas (C1) Large vertebral foramen Transverse ligament Anterior
Posterior

10. Axial (C2)
Odontoid process or Dens

11. Thoracic (T1-T12)

12. Thoracic (T1-T12)

13. Lumbar (L1-L5)

14. Lumbar (L1-L5)

15. Note the differences:
Transverse process
Spinous process
Body

16. Note the differences:
Transverse process
Spinous process
Body

17. Sacrum

18. Intervertebral Disks

19. Intervertebral Disks

20. Actions of the Spinal Column
Flexion
Extension
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
Same side
Opposite side

21. Flexion 1. Free in all three regions
Cervical flexion
1. Free in all three regions
2. Cervical and thoracic curves may be reduced to straight lines
3. Lumbar curve may be reversed in flexible subjects
Lumbar flexion

22. Extension 1. Free in all three regions
Cervical extension
1. Free in all three regions
2. Cervical and thorasic curves may be reduced to straight lines
3. Lumbar curve may be reversed in flexible subjects
Lumbar extension

23. Lateral flexion 1. Free in cervical and lumbar regions
Cervical lateral flexion
1. Free in cervical and lumbar regions
2. Limited in thorasic region by rib attachments
3. Accompanied by torsion
Lumbar lateral flexion

24. Rotation 1. Freest at top, least free at bottom
Cervical rotation
1. Freest at top, least free at bottom
2. Accompanied by slight lateral flexion
Lumbar rotation

25. Joints of the Spinal Column

26. Atlantooccipital joint
Articulation between the head and neck
i. Atlas (C1)
ii. Occipital bone
Acts as a hinge joint; flexion and extension
No rotation at this joint

27. Atlantoaxial Articulation between C1 and C2
a. pivot joint - rotation is here
b. the dens or ondontoid process fits into the inner, anterior portion of the vertebral foramen
with the help of the transverse ligament.

28. Arthordial or gliding-type joints
Composed of the synovial joint between superior and inferior articulating surfaces

29. Cartilaginous or synarthrodial joints
Intervertebral disks
i. nucleus pulposus - gel
ii. annulus fibrosus - covering
Shape and thickness varies with location
Make up approximately 25% of the column length
Allow limited motion in all three planes

30. Defects of the Spine

32. Kyphosis - hunchback
Increase anterior concavity ( or curvature) of the thoracic curve

34. Lordosis - swayback Increase posterior concavity of the lumbar region.
it causes shortened back extensors
it causes lengthened abdominal

36. Scoliois Lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of the spine.
Decreases the ability of the spin to support the body
Distorts the body cavity and that crowds the organs
Puts pressure on the nerves
Causes:
Imbalance of the deep back muscles and ligaments

37. Scoliois Treatment Body cast Electrical stimulation of deep muscles
Harrington Rod implant - ratchett effect

39. Sternum

40. Ribs 12 pairs 7 pair are ‘true’ ribs 5 pair are ‘false’ ribs
3 pair attach indirectly to the sternum
2 pair are ‘floating ribs’ that don’t attach to the sternum

41. Ribs