1. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.1 Saeid Nooshabadi COMP 3221 Microprocessors and Embedded Systems Lecture 42: End Episode http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs3221 November 2003 Saeid Nooshabadi Saeid@unsw.edu.au

2. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.2 Saeid Nooshabadi Outline °Review Big Ideas and Examples °Path from here °Predicting the Future

3. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.3 Saeid Nooshabadi Lecture 1: What’s in it for you? °14 weeks to learn big ideas in CSE&EE Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as layers Compilation v. interpretation to move down layers of system Pliable Data: a program determines what it is Stored program concept: instructions are data Interrupts and exception: User vs Privileged modes Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy (cache)

4. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.4 Saeid Nooshabadi Principle of abstraction, systems as layers °Programming Languages: C / Assembly / Machine Language °Translation: Compiler / Assembler / Linker / Loader °Memory Hierarchy: Registers / Caches / Main memory / Disk °Computer Design datapath / control / I/O functional units / busses > gates + wires >...

5. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.5 Saeid Nooshabadi Compilation v. interpretation to move down °Programming Languages: C / Assembly / Machine Language Compilation °Memory Hierarchy: Caches / Main memory / Disk: Interpretation Registers / Cache: Compilation

6. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.6 Saeid Nooshabadi Pliable Data: program determines what it is °Instructions fetched from memory using PC °Types include Signed Integers, Unsigned Integers, Characters, Strings, Single Precision Floating Point, Double Precision Floating Point °Everything has an address (  pointers) indirection is fundamental °Computers manipulate representations of things

7. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.7 Saeid Nooshabadi Stored program concept: instructions as data °Allows a computers to do many things => universal device (keep HW simple and fast) °Simplifies compile, assembly, link, load °Distributing programs easy: on any disk, just like data  binary compatibility, upwards compatibility (8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium I, II, III) °Allows for Dynamic Libraries: modify the code to run time loading of library codes °viruses: Send message that overflows stack, starts executing code in stack area, take over machine,...

8. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.8 Saeid Nooshabadi Principle of Locality °Exploited by automatic memory hierarchy - blocks, LRU,... °Registers: Temporal Locality (data reused), explicitly managed, small names °Disks transfer in large blocks: spatial locality °Networks: most traffic is local, so LAN vs WAN, gateway routing °Locality in translations: TLB, just-in-time compilers

9. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.9 Saeid Nooshabadi Rapid Change AND Little Change °Continued Rapid Improvement in Computing 2X every 1.5 years (10X/5yrs, 1000X/15yrs) Processor speed, Memory size - Moore’s Law as enabler (2X transistors/chip/1.5 yrs); Disk capacity too (not Moore’s Law) Caches, Pipelining, Branch Prediction,... °5 classic components of all computers 1. Control 2. Datapath 3. Memory 4. Input 5. Output } Processor (or CPU)

10. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.10 Saeid Nooshabadi COMP3221 What is “COMP3221” about? Instruction Set Architecture °Coordination of many levels of abstraction I/O systemProcessor Compiler Operating System (Windows xp) Application (Netscape) Digital Design Circuit Design Datapath & Control transistors Memory Hardware Software Assembler

11. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.11 Saeid Nooshabadi A Foundation for Your Future °at UNSW and beyond °as you apply technology revolution to any field - not just EE&CSE

12. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.12 Saeid Nooshabadi Administrivia °Final Exam: Would be very similar to the sample exam paper published If you do well in the sample paper, you will do well in the final

13. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.13 Saeid Nooshabadi Looking to Your Graduation Window... °500 million transistor microprocessor easy °gigabit DRAM, gigahertz desktop, gigabyte network piece of cake °terabyte (10 40 !!!) of personal storage no sweat °computing going where is has never been before °changing the fabric of society

14. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.14 Saeid Nooshabadi Remember the “library” °It had books, you searched around in those weird card catalogs, then hunted around the shelves, flipped though the pages and made notes… °Today, you expect to get the world’s information at a search and a click °and the web is less than 10 years old.. °welcome to the end of “prerecorded history” °what if everything you ever saw or heard was on-line?

15. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.15 Saeid Nooshabadi CMOS: Tiny Computing Gets Physical °processor + memory + I/O web servers wireless networks Put on an ‘exponential shrink’ add a few years, system design, intelligence, creativity and software and imagine surgery performed by a teaspoon of tiny devices with MEMS sensors and micro-robots then look back at today’s technology

16. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.16 Saeid Nooshabadi Computing on a Truly Universal Scale °amazon.com annual on-line sale $1 billion °AOL has 20 million people on line at a time! °extrapolate networks, storage and processing out a few years… °worldwide storage °ubiquitous access, everywhere...

17. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.17 Saeid Nooshabadi and What Might You Compute? °how about the origin of the universe? °or the earth’s climate? or create Ambient Intellgence!, or Tackling Societal Scale

18. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.18 Saeid Nooshabadi Ambient Intelligence °An environment where technology is embedded, hidden in the background °An environment that is sensitive, adaptive, and responsive to the presence of people and object °An environment that augments activities through smart non-explicit assistance °An environment that preserves security, privacy and trustworthiness while utilizing information when needed and appropriate

19. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.19 Saeid Nooshabadi Towards Fully Integrated Embedded Systems- on-a-Chip or in-a-Package While increased performance has been the hallmark result of Moore’s law, miniaturization and cost reduction opens the door for truly ubiquitous electronics

20. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.20 Saeid Nooshabadi Tackling Societal Scale Problems Infrastructure maintenance Traffic management Medical Energy management Smart buildings Disaster Mitigation

21. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.21 Saeid Nooshabadi Environment Monitoring °Sensor network measures soil and environment conditions in garden or field Technology Review, July/August 2003

22. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.22 Saeid Nooshabadi Precision Agriculture Ad hoc, wireless embedded network for precision agriculture. Sensors detect temperature, light levels, and soil moisture at hundreds of points across a field. The system communicates the data over a multihop network for analysis.

23. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.23 Saeid Nooshabadi Energy-Aware Buildings

24. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.24 Saeid Nooshabadi The Future for You °What’s The Future? °New Millennium + Post-Internet, Post-PC,... + Rapid Change in Technology,... + World’s Best Education + Hard Work + Never Give Up °“The best way to predict the future is to invent it” (Alan Kay, Xerox PARC) °The future is yours to invent.

25. COMP3221 lec42-final-review.25 Saeid Nooshabadi Final Slide °That is all FOLCKS! °Thank you!