2. Matter

3. What is matter? Anything that takes up space AND Anything that takes up space AND has mass has mass Mass is how much there is of an object. Mass is how much there is of an object. How do we measure mass? How do we measure mass?

4. So, what are some examples of matter? People People Trees Trees Computers Computers Air Air Water Water Houses Houses Cars Cars Paper Paper Pencils Pencils EVERYTHING EVERYTHING

5. All matter is made up of lots of tiny particles that are too small to be seen by the eye.They are referred to as “the building blocks of matter”. These particles are called ATOMS. http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/periodictableofelements/ http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/periodictableofelements/

6. Atom Structure Nucleus Nucleus Center or core of an atom Center or core of an atom Contains 99.9% of the weight of an atom Contains 99.9% of the weight of an atom Contains protons and neutrons Contains protons and neutrons Protons: Protons: Positively Charged (+) sub-atomic particles Positively Charged (+) sub-atomic particles Weight of 1 proton = 1 atomic mass unit Weight of 1 proton = 1 atomic mass unit # of protons in the nucleus is what makes atoms different! # of protons in the nucleus is what makes atoms different! Neutrons: Neutrons: Neutrally charged (no charge) sub-atomic particle Neutrally charged (no charge) sub-atomic particle Atomic weight of 1 atomic mass unit Atomic weight of 1 atomic mass unit

7. Atom Structure Electron Cloud Electron Cloud Electrons: Electrons: Negatively charged (-) Negatively charged (-) In random orbits around the nucleus In random orbits around the nucleus Move rapidly throughout the atom and can even jump to other atoms Move rapidly throughout the atom and can even jump to other atoms

8. Elements When atoms combine they form ELEMENTS There are currently 109 elements that have been identified though only 88 of them are naturally occurring. (This means the others are man-made!) There are currently 109 elements that have been identified though only 88 of them are naturally occurring. (This means the others are man-made!) In our universe, hydrogen makes up 75% of all matter! In our universe, hydrogen makes up 75% of all matter! Helium makes up about 20% with oxygen being the 3rd most abundant element. Helium makes up about 20% with oxygen being the 3rd most abundant element. All of the other elements are relatively rare in the universe. All of the other elements are relatively rare in the universe.

9. Elements Elements are a pure substance. Elements are a pure substance. Made of only one kind of material, has definite properties, and is the same all throughout. Made of only one kind of material, has definite properties, and is the same all throughout. They are organized in the periodic table. They are organized in the periodic table.

10. Periodic Table Organization Groups GroupsPeriods

11. Reading the Periodic Table Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

12. Using the Periodic Table Element Symbols Element Symbols Shorthand way of representing the elements. Shorthand way of representing the elements. Usually one or two letters. Usually one or two letters. Usually taken from the name of the element. Usually taken from the name of the element. Carbon-C, Calcium-Ca, Hydrogen-H, Iodine-I, Oxygen-O, Chlorine-Cl Carbon-C, Calcium-Ca, Hydrogen-H, Iodine-I, Oxygen-O, Chlorine-Cl Some symbols come from their Latin name: Some symbols come from their Latin name: Gold-Au—aurum, Silver-Ag—argentum, Iron-Fe— Ferrum, Mercury-Hg--hydrogyrum Gold-Au—aurum, Silver-Ag—argentum, Iron-Fe— Ferrum, Mercury-Hg--hydrogyrum

13. Using the Periodic Table Atomic Number Atomic Number Atomic number is the number of Protons in an atom Atomic number is the number of Protons in an atom All atoms of a particular element have the SAME number of protons All atoms of a particular element have the SAME number of protons Example: All Carbon atoms have 6 protons Example: All Carbon atoms have 6 protons In a neutral atom: In a neutral atom: atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons Neutral atoms have NO OVERALL CHARGE.

14. Using the Periodic Table Atomic Mass Atomic Mass Also called atomic weight or Mass Number Also called atomic weight or Mass Number Sum weight of protons and neutrons in an atom Sum weight of protons and neutrons in an atom Protons + Neutrons= Atomic Mass Protons + Neutrons= Atomic Mass

15. Using the Periodic Table 29 Cu 63.546 Atomic Number Element Symbol Mass Number

16. Quick Algebra Question….. Mass number = protons + neutrons Mass number = protons + neutronsso….. Neutrons = mass number – protons Neutrons = mass number – protons How many neutrons does Copper have? How many neutrons does Copper have? Mass # = 63.546 (rounds to 64) Neutrons = 64-29 = 35

17. Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Carbon 12Carbon 13Carbon 14

18. Ions Charged ATOMS Charged ATOMS # of protons does not equal # of electrons # of protons does not equal # of electrons Positive Ion Positive Ion More protons than electrons More protons than electrons Negative Ion Negative Ion More electrons than protons More electrons than protons http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/compoundsandmixtures/

19. Compounds Pure substances made up of more than one element. Pure substances made up of more than one element. 2 or more elements chemically combined. 2 or more elements chemically combined. Ex: H 2 O, NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6, CO 2 Ex: H 2 O, NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6, CO 2 Unlike elements, compounds can be broken down to simpler substances. Unlike elements, compounds can be broken down to simpler substances. This can happen through a chemical reaction. This can happen through a chemical reaction.

20. Molecules Compounds are made of molecules. Compounds are made of molecules. A molecule is 2 or more atoms chemically bonded. A molecule is 2 or more atoms chemically bonded. Water-2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen-together they form one molecule of H2O. Water-2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen-together they form one molecule of H2O. A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound that has all the properties of that compound. A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound that has all the properties of that compound. Just as all atoms of a certain element are alike, all molecules of a certain compound are alike. Just as all atoms of a certain element are alike, all molecules of a certain compound are alike.

21. Mixtures Composed of 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined Composed of 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined 2 different types of mixtures: 2 different types of mixtures: Heterogeneous: not mixed evenly (appear to still be separated) Heterogeneous: not mixed evenly (appear to still be separated) Ex. Oil and water, chicken noodle soup, salad, soil Ex. Oil and water, chicken noodle soup, salad, soil Homogeneous: evenly mixed throughout Homogeneous: evenly mixed throughout Also referred to as a SOLUTION Also referred to as a SOLUTION Ex. Coffee, ocean water, fruit juice Ex. Coffee, ocean water, fruit juice

22. Kinetic Molecular Theory States that ALL matter exists in certain states. States that ALL matter exists in certain states. These states behave differently because of the motion and position of the particles that make up the matter. These states behave differently because of the motion and position of the particles that make up the matter. These “particles” consists of atoms and molecules. These “particles” consists of atoms and molecules.

23. Physical Properties the characteristics of an object that can be seen or measured without changing the chemical identity of the matter. the characteristics of an object that can be seen or measured without changing the chemical identity of the matter. Used to observe and describe matter Used to observe and describe matter some examples of physical properties are: some examples of physical properties are: shape, appearance, texture, odor, melting/boiling point, volume, movement of particles, spacing of particles shape, appearance, texture, odor, melting/boiling point, volume, movement of particles, spacing of particles

24. Chemical Properties The characteristics of matter that involve a chemical reaction The characteristics of matter that involve a chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a change in which one or more kinds of matter are transformed into a new kind of matter or several new kinds of matter. A chemical reaction is a change in which one or more kinds of matter are transformed into a new kind of matter or several new kinds of matter. Ex. Iron combining with oxygen in the air to form the new matter: Rust Ex. Iron combining with oxygen in the air to form the new matter: Rust

25. The States of Matter Solids Solids Ex. Rocks, chairs, clothes, paper, ice, etc. Ex. Rocks, chairs, clothes, paper, ice, etc. Liquids Liquids Ex. Water, soda, milk, juice, etc. Ex. Water, soda, milk, juice, etc. Gases Gases Ex. Oxygen, helium, carbon dioxide, etc. Ex. Oxygen, helium, carbon dioxide, etc.

26. Solids ALL solids have a definite shape ALL solids have a definite shape *They can only change shape by a definite force (cutting, etc.) *They can only change shape by a definite force (cutting, etc.) ALL solids have a definite volume ALL solids have a definite volume The particles in ALL solids are packed closely together and are immobile The particles in ALL solids are packed closely together and are immobile The particles in ALL solids vibrate in place. The particles in ALL solids vibrate in place.

27. Liquids ALL liquids have a definite volume ALL liquids have a definite volume ALL liquids take the shape of the container they are placed in. ALL liquids take the shape of the container they are placed in. The particles in liquids are close together, but move freely. The particles in liquids are close together, but move freely. Liquids are not compressible Liquids are not compressible Liquids flow Liquids flow Viscosity: the resistance of a liquid to flow Viscosity: the resistance of a liquid to flow

28. Gases ALL gases have no definite volume or shape. ALL gases have no definite volume or shape. ALL gases take the shape of their container, filling all of the available space. ALL gases take the shape of their container, filling all of the available space. The particles in a gas are spread out in the available space. The particles in a gas are spread out in the available space. The particles move easily through the available space. The particles move easily through the available space. Gases expand and are easily compressible Gases expand and are easily compressible Vapor: refers to the gaseous state Vapor: refers to the gaseous state of solids or liquids of solids or liquids

29. Physical Properties of Matter Changing State Melting: when a solid changes to a liquid Melting: when a solid changes to a liquid Freezing: when a liquid changes to a solid Freezing: when a liquid changes to a solid Evaporation: when a liquid changes to a gas Evaporation: when a liquid changes to a gas Sublimation: when a solid goes straight to a gas Sublimation: when a solid goes straight to a gas