1. ECE544: Communication Networks-II, Spring 2006 D. Raychaudhuri & Max Ott Lecture II Includes teaching materials from L. Peterson

2. Today’s Lecture Recap of network architecture & top- down design –architecture paper discussion Shared media (MAC) protocols –Ethernet –Token ring –IEEE 802.11

3. Shared Media Networks Cable (Ethernet) Token ring (FDDI) Wireless (802.11, DTDMA)

4. Ethernet Overview History –developed by Xerox PARC in mid-1970s –roots in Aloha packet-radio network –standardized by Xerox, DEC, and Intel in 1978 –similar to IEEE 802.3 standard CSMA/CD –carrier sense –multiple access –collision detection Frame Format Dest addr 644832 CRCPreamble Src addr TypeBody 1648

5. Ethernet (cont) Addresses –unique, 48-bit unicast address assigned to each adapter –example: 8:0:2b:e4:b1:2 –broadcast: all 1 s –multicast: first bit is 1 Bandwidth: 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps Length: 2500m (500m segments with 4 repeaters) Problem: Distributed algorithm that provides fair access

6. Transmit Algorithm If line is idle… –send immediately –upper bound message size of 1500 bytes –must wait 9.6us between back-to-back frames If line is busy… –wait until idle and transmit immediately –called 1-persistent (special case of p- persistent)

7. Algorithm (cont) If collision… –jam for 32 bits, then stop transmitting frame –minimum frame is 64 bytes (header + 46 bytes of data) –delay and try again 1st time: 0 or 51.2us 2nd time: 0, 51.2, or 102.4us 3rd time51.2, 102.4, or 153.6us nth time: k x 51.2us, for randomly selected k=0..2 n - 1 give up after several tries (usually 16) exponential backoff

8. Collisions AB AB AB AB

9. Ethernet Bridging Bridge device for scaling network span Bridge Ethernet A Ethernet B Pkt forwarding table..can “learn” from packet source addr

10. Ethernet Performance Max throughput <1 as a function of span –instability can occur unless load is reduced under congestion conditions –retransmission backoff policy for stability Overload region Normal operating point Capacity Limit ~0.8 load lines Offered Traffic Thru Traffic margin stable policy (retx backoff) stable policy (backoff too high) unstable policy (no backoff)

11. Token Ring Overview Examples –16Mbps IEEE 802.5 (based on earlier IBM ring) –100Mbps Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

12. Token Ring (cont) Idea –Frames flow in one direction: upstream to downstream –special bit pattern (token) rotates around ring –must capture token before transmitting –release token after done transmitting immediate release delayed release –remove your frame when it comes back around –stations get round-robin service Frame Format Control 888 24 CRC Start of frame End of frame Dest addr Body 48 Src addr Status 32

13. Timed Token Algorithm Token Holding Time (THT) –upper limit on how long a station can hold the token Token Rotation Time (TRT) –how long it takes the token to traverse the ring. –TRT <= ActiveNodes x THT + RingLatency Target Token Rotation Time (TTRT) –agreed-upon upper bound on TRT

14. Algorithm (cont) Each node measures TRT between successive tokens –if measured-TRT > TTRT: token is late so don’t send –if measured-TRT < TTRT: token is early so OK to send Two classes of traffic –synchronous: can always send –asynchronous: can send only if token is early Worse case: 2 x TTRT between seeing token Back-to-back 2 x TTRT rotations not possible

15. Token Maintenance Lost Token –no token when initializing ring –bit error corrupts token pattern –node holding token crashes Generating a Token (and agreeing on TTRT) –execute when join ring or suspect a failure –send a claim frame that includes the node’s TTRT bid –when receive claim frame, update the bid and forward –if your claim frame makes it all the way around the ring: your bid was the lowest everyone knows TTRT you insert new token

16. Maintenance (cont) Monitoring for a Valid Token –should periodically see valid transmission (frame or token) –maximum gap = ring latency + max frame < = 2.5ms –set timer at 2.5ms and send claim frame if it fires

17. Wireless MAC Typically, three categories of radio MAC protocols :  Simple packet-by-packet CSMA class protocols (802.11)  Integrated packet/flow oriented protocols based on dynamic TDMA (Hiperlan, 802.16,...)  CDMA-based (HDR, 3G, etc.)

18. Wireless LANs IEEE 802.11a & b, Hiperlan2 Bandwidth: ~1-20 Mbps Physical Media –spread spectrum radio (2.4, 5 GHz) –diffused infrared (10m)

19. Spread Spectrum Idea –spread signal over wider frequency band than required –originally deigned to thwart jamming Frequency Hopping –transmit over random sequence of frequencies –sender and receiver share… pseudorandom number generator seed –802.11 uses 79 x 1MHz-wide frequency bands

20. Spread Spectrum (cont) Direct Sequence –for each bit, send XOR of that bit and n random bits –random sequence known to both sender and receiver –called n-bit chipping code –802.11 defines an 11-bit chipping code Random sequence: 0100101101011001 Data stream: 1010 XOR of the two: 1011101110101001 0 0 0 1 1 1

21. Collision Avoidance Similar to Ethernet Problem: hidden and exposed nodes

22. RTS/CTS Procedure Sender transmits RequestToSend (RTS) frame Receiver replies with ClearToSend (CTS) frame Neighbors… –see CTS: keep quiet –see RTS but not CTS: ok to transmit Receive sends ACK when has frame –neighbors silent until see ACK Collisions –no collisions detection –known when don’t receive CTS –exponential backoff

23. RTS/CTS Procedure RTS CTS length (L) Data Packet ACK L RTS collision exponential backoff

24. TDMA/TDD MAC MAC protocol used in some broadband wireless scenarios (Hiperlan, 802.16, WATM) supports flow QoS, etc.

25. Supporting Mobility Case 1: ad hoc net working Case 2: access points (AP) –tethered –each mobile node associates with an AP

26. Mobility (cont) Scanning (selecting an AP) –node sends Probe frame –all AP’s w/in reach reply with ProbeResponse frame –node selects one AP; sends it AssociateRequest frame –AP replies with AssociationResponse frame –new AP informs old AP via tethered network When –active: when join or move –passive: AP periodically sends Beacon frame

27. 27 Today’s Homework Peterson & Davie, Chap 2, 3 rd ed 2.6 2.18 2.23 2.33 2.44 2.42 Download and review Ethernet and 802.11b specs Due next Fri (2/4)

28. 28 Class Presentations Performance evaluation of CSMA/CD Error control protocols: HDLC summary and sliding window implementation Host interface: 802.11 driver code example ATM LAN emulation protocol (LANE) Switch fabric tutorial: crossbar, knockout, banyan; shared media; self-routing VLAN and VPN …more TBA