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Continuing Trends in Plant Evolution Ultimate reduction of water-dependent gametophyte *double fertilization Vascular tissue – improved more Herbaceous habit Secondary compounds Flowers – more efficient pollen Fruits – seed dispersal Green: all these are in sporophyte
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Flowers & fruits Flowers attract & encourage pollinators Fruits aid in dispersal of seeds
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Flowers & fruits Flower a major advancement Flower parts are modified leaves *Sepals – protect flower in bud *Petals – attract pollinators *Stamens – produce pollen *Pistil(s) – produce and protect ovules Fruit develops from ovary
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Flower Pistil
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Fruit
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Ovary Ovule ♀ Pollen grain ♂ Fertilization (double) Gametophytes Seed dispersal & germination Meiosis Sporophyte Flowering plant life cycle
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Evolution of flower & fruit First fossils: late Jurassic period of Mesozoic era Diversified during Cenozoic era Coevolution with pollinators
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Orchid Fruits
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Flowering plants survey “Angiosperms” (= covered seed) Phylum Anthophyta *Magnolias – primitive *Monocots – grasses, palms, lilys, etc. *Eudicots – everything else
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Magnolia
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Monocots Grass family, Andropogon Oriental lily
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Pear Pyrus Eudicot
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Vaccinium deliciosum
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Eucalyptus
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Largest flower Rafflesia and friends Smallest flower Water Meal, Wolffia
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What does this pollinate??? Large, hairy bee fly from Stehekin
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