1. Continuing Trends in Plant Evolution Ultimate reduction of water-dependent gametophyte *double fertilization Vascular tissue – improved more Herbaceous habit Secondary compounds Flowers – more efficient pollen Fruits – seed dispersal Green: all these are in sporophyte

2. Flowers & fruits Flowers attract & encourage pollinators Fruits aid in dispersal of seeds

3. Flowers & fruits Flower a major advancement Flower parts are modified leaves *Sepals – protect flower in bud *Petals – attract pollinators *Stamens – produce pollen *Pistil(s) – produce and protect ovules Fruit develops from ovary

4. Flower Pistil

5. Fruit

6. Ovary Ovule ♀ Pollen grain ♂ Fertilization (double) Gametophytes Seed dispersal & germination Meiosis Sporophyte Flowering plant life cycle

7. Evolution of flower & fruit First fossils: late Jurassic period of Mesozoic era Diversified during Cenozoic era Coevolution with pollinators

8. Orchid Fruits

9. Flowering plants survey “Angiosperms” (= covered seed) Phylum Anthophyta *Magnolias – primitive *Monocots – grasses, palms, lilys, etc. *Eudicots – everything else

10. Magnolia

11. Monocots Grass family, Andropogon Oriental lily

12. Pear Pyrus Eudicot

13. Vaccinium deliciosum

14. Eucalyptus

15. Largest flower Rafflesia and friends Smallest flower Water Meal, Wolffia

18. What does this pollinate??? Large, hairy bee fly from Stehekin