1. Final Presentation 2004 Momentum Measurement Card (MMC) Project supervised by: Mony Orbach Project performed by: Hadas Preminger Uri Niv

2. Final Presentation 2004 Introduction The MMC project is a result of collaboration between the Physics Lab and the HS DSL. The outcome is an electronic card capable of measuring momentum. The implementation was done using: FPGA USB to FIFO module. C++ application.

3. Final Presentation 2004 Block Diagram Cyclone FPGA USB Communication Unit Data PCB 2 Optical Sensors Control

4. Final Presentation 2004 The Experiment ’ s System The experiment consists of : Two carts on an air track moving towards each other. On each cart there is a "Miller Strip“. Two position sensors.

5. Final Presentation 2004 Input Signals Two 2-bit signals: Each signal consists of two square waves, with 90° phase difference. These signals are generated by the two optical encoders (EM-1). Usb connection to PC.

6. Final Presentation 2004 Output Signals A file, consists of three dimension array [tick, position1_, position2_]. The length of the array: 600 measurements per experiment (for each cart). The +/- mark represents the position in reference to the zero point. It is set by the location of the cart in the beginning.

7. Final Presentation 2004 System Rates Hardware Rates: Main clock rate 12MHz Data transfer rate 32 bits/sample Send/Receive data over USB up to 1Mbits/sec Sampling & Processing rates: Number of samples per experiment600 samples Sample resolution480 counts/inch Sampling Interval (Tick length)10ms or 5ms or 3ms Cart minimum/maximum speed0-5 meter/sec

8. Final Presentation 2004 Currents and Voltages The system uses 3 voltage levels: 5V power supply from the computer via USB cable. 3.3V and 1.5V from an external DC power supply unit of 7.5V. Two internal regulators convert it to the specified voltage levels. Ground is received from PC.

9. Final Presentation 2004 Current Supply limitations 2 A (for both 3.3V and 1.5V regulators). 500 mA (for the 5V power supply from the PC). Fuses Main Fuse – 2A. Pico Fuse – 1A, for the 5V received from the PC via DLP. Currents and Voltages – cont.

10. Final Presentation 2004 Electrical Structure Cyclon e FPGA Transceivers DLPDLP CLK PCB EPCSReset PCPC D-9 D-15 Jack Sockets D-9 sensors

11. Final Presentation 2004 The Connectors D-9 – connection to the EM1 sensors. D-15 – for future use. Jack Sockets – for future connection of photo-gates. Debag port. JTAG connection for FPGA programming.

12. Final Presentation 2004 PCB Structure The PCB is made of 6 layers, as following (from top to bottom): Layer 1 (top) – Signals. Layer 2 – Ground. Layer 3 – Vcc 3.3V. Layer 4 – Vcc 1.5V. Layer 5 – Vcc 5V. Layer 6 (Bottom) – Signals.

13. Final Presentation 2004 PCB Structure – cont. The PCB measurements: Thickness - 1.6 mm. Length (connectors' side) – 146.1 mm. Width (tracks' side) – 148.7 mm. PCB's material – FR4.

14. Final Presentation 2004 The FPGA tasks General: The FPGA has two main tasks: Sample and calculate the position of the cart. Control the data transmission process to the PC. The two tasks are done by two separate blocks in the implementation and are synchronized by special signals. 2 additional blocks convert the asynchronous input signals to synchronous signals.

15. Final Presentation 2004 Control signal Inputs’ Async To Sync Sensor1 Sensor2 Calc_ Coord Operating Machine Control Signals Carts’ coordination Control’s Async To Sync Control Signals from DLP DLP Control Signals DLP 8bit Data Bus Data signal FPGA Top Level

16. Final Presentation 2004 Calc_Coord Block Samples the input signal and calculates the position of the carts. Creates the signal ‘Count’. Determines the direction of the cart. Counts the number of ‘counts’ from the beginning. BA 00 10 11 01 L R

17. Final Presentation 2004 Wave sample 0.211 mm Count Signal A Signal B A xor B

18. Final Presentation 2004 Operating_Machine Block The core of the whole system. It is synchronized with the PC application. Controls of the USB comm. module. Implemented by a Finite State Machine. The blocks main tasks are: Receiving the sampling interval from the PC. Sampling the counter of the Calc_Coord block every ‘Tick’. Sending the data to the PC via the USB module.

19. Final Presentation 2004 Read Byte Cycle

20. Final Presentation 2004 Write Byte Cycle

21. Final Presentation 2004 Prior to Power Up When the main power switch is off, and the USB cable is not connected, the system is in a shut down mode and isolated. The control lines between the FPGA and the DLP are connected to Pull-Up and Pull- Down resistors to prevent High-Z. The transceivers are in isolation state until the FPGA competes its Boot-Up sequence.

22. Final Presentation 2004 Power Up Sequence FPGA Starts its Boot Up Sequence USB cable connected and main power switch turned on System Off

23. Final Presentation 2004 Power Up Sequence – Cont. Transceivers open and set to the right data flow direction. FPGA sets control lines to appropriate Values. DLP ’ s RESET held on ‘ 0 ’ level (Disconnected from PC)

24. Final Presentation 2004 Power Up Sequence A positive edge on the DLP ’ s signal RESETO indicates that a connection to PC was successfully established System Ready DLP ’ s RESET set to ‘ 1 ’ (Enables connection to PC)

25. Final Presentation 2004 Application & Drivers A Visual C++ application was written to: Establish a real time connection between the peripheral hardware and the PC. Supply a basic user’s interface. We referred to the USB protocol as a "Black Box“. The communication between the hardware and the software is done automatically by the operating system of the PC.

26. Final Presentation 2004 Application & Drivers DLP Design supplies two kinds of interfaces for the application software developer. The solution of an Interface that uses a DLL was chosen.

27. Final Presentation 2004 Application & Drivers The drivers' architecture for the DLL interface are: Application Software Visual C++ Ftd2xx.dll Ftd2xx.sys Operating System – Windows USB Driver Stack USB245M The application software is compiled with a.lib file, which connects the application during run-time, to the.dll file. Windows USB Interface – via USB stack. Application Software Interface

28. Final Presentation 2004 Application & Drivers CommentsFile descriptionFile Name The file is one of the files included in the DLL package of drivers. This heeder file must be included to the project in order to use the DLP system calls. Ftd2xx.h 1.1. In this header file, the declarations of the utility functions, which are used by main.cpp, are made. Function.h 2.2. In this header file, the declarations of the main classes of the program are made. Momentum.h 3.3. Implementation. Function.cpp 4.4. Implementation. Momentum.cpp 5.5. Implementation of the "main" program. Main.cpp 6.6.

29. Final Presentation 2004 Application ’ s Flow Chart Initialize USB connection Is a device connected? No Ask user for time between samples Yes

30. Final Presentation 2004 Application ’ s Flow Chart Send time between samples to hardware Take a sample 600 samples? No Yes End

31. Final Presentation 2004 Application ’ s Classes Based on two important classes: Position and DLP. The DLP class manages the communication between the application and the USB. The Position class manages and stores the information that is recieved from the hardware.

32. Final Presentation 2004 User Interface

33. Final Presentation 2004 User Interface

34. Final Presentation 2004 User Interface

35. Final Presentation 2004 User Interface

36. Final Presentation 2004 The MMC

37. Final Presentation 2004 Package

38. Final Presentation 2004 Future Improvements Expanding the software to support 2 sets of carts and the photo gates. Allowing the user to determine the number of measurements per experiment. Changing the main power switch so it would control also the 5V supply coming from the PC.

39. Final Presentation 2004 Summary Designing a stable reliable system. Designing a PCB.