2. The Essence of Life

5. Blending Inheritance A great idea if you IGNORE the data. n The Basic Idea of Blending Inheritance  1) Sex cells still contain the "essence of the parents".  2) Offspring represent a mixture of the "essence"of each parent Example:  Cross pollinate a red flower with a white flower and you get a pink flower Example:  Cross pollinate a human female with a human male …….and you get?

6. Ru Paul So much for the brilliant idea of blending inheritance!

7. Gregor Mendel 1856 A monk with no social life but a good scientific mind. n Mendel's improved approach to understanding inheritance:  1) Studied clear cut (non-ambiguous) traits in pea plants, e.g. seed color, seed shape, stem height etc.  2) Studied traits in pea plants that were"true breeding", i.e. after extensive self-pollination, offspring have the same traitsas the parents.  3) He COUNTED the results of his crosses with different pea plants.

8. Mendel's Experiment Cross plants that breed true for tall stems with plants that breed true for dwarf stems X Parent Plants F 1 Generation

9. Mendel's Next Experiment Cross the F 1 generation plants with each other (Note: With humans, this is illegal in most states) X F1Generation F2Generation

10. Mendel's Conclusions Based on counting thousands pea plants. (Remember he had no social life.) n Blending inheritance was a bogus idea n Heredity, therefore, was "particulate". n Each plant had two of these hereditary "particles", "alleles" or "genes". n Sex cells contain only one of the two hereditary "particles". The selection of which hereditary particle makes it into each sex cell is random..

11. Mendel's Experiment True breeding plants DDddGenotype Phenotype Tall Dwarf D D d d

12. Mendel's Experiment F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Phenotype = Tall F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Phenotype = Tall D d

13. Mendel's Experiment D D d d 50/50 F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Phenotype = Tall F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Phenotype = Tall

14. F1 Generation Cross D d D D d D d d Dd dd DD Dd Dd X Dd

15. When the Data Don't Quite Fit, Ignore Them! The Expected Outcome for Genetic Inheritance that Follows Mendelian Ratios Parent #1 Breeds True for Red Flowers Parent #2 Breeds True for White Flowers X F1 Generation are all either Red (if red is dominant) or all White (if white is dominant).) F2 Generation show a 3:1 ratio F2 Generation show a 3:1 ratio of Dominant to Recessive Phenotype

16. You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day When... Parent #1 Breeds True for Red Flowers Parent #2 Breeds True for White Flowers X F 1 Generation were all Pink Generation were all Pink F 2 Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratio Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratio of Red to Pink to White! Mendel's Solution to this Problem? "I just won't think about this now. I'll think about this tomorrow. After all, tomorrow is another day. " XX

17. Partial Dominance Parent #1 Breeds True for Red Flowers Parent #2 Breeds True for White Flowers X F 1 Generation were all Pink Generation were all Pink F 2 Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratio Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratio of Red to Pink to White! RRR'R' RR' RR : RR' : R'R' XX

18. Customized Phenotype Genetic Engineering

19. Genetic Engineering - NOT! 5' CCGC 3' GG OH P 5' CCGC OH P GG 3' 3' GG P OH CGCC 5' Shark DNA What is the result of ligating DNA from two different species? 5' CCGC OH P GG 3' 3' GG P OH CGCC 5' Tomato DNA OH CGCC 5' GG 3' P

20. Food for the Planet (Beyond The Joy of Chemistry) The Biotech Revolution The Biotech Revolution  Gains in agricultural production thanks to the introduction of:  Genetically Engineered Life.  Pest and Herbicide Resistance  Increased Yield and Longer Shelf Life  Drought and Cold Resistance  Flavor and Nutritional Content  Vaccine Production

21. Less Pesticides for Safer Agriculture The Cotton Boll Worm is just one of the reasons cotton production consumes more agrochemicals than any crop on Earth.

22. Natural Cotton Genetically Engineered Cotton Genetically engineered cotton reduces insecticide use.

23. Transgenic BT Cotton Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis Wild Type “Natural” Cotton BT “Engineered” Cotton

24. Transgenic BT Corn Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis Wild Type “Natural” Corn BT “Engineered” Corn

25. ACC Oxidase Gene Knockout Slower Ripening with Higher Nutritional Content Natural Cantaloupe 60 days old Engineered Cantaloupe 60 days old

26. Ethylene Receptor Knockout Plants do not Ripen (vegetables) or wilt (flowers) Genetically Engineered Tomato Natural Tomato Genetically Engineered Flower Natural Flower 100 Days8 Days

27. Potatoes genetically engineered to produce human vaccines enable third world farmers to immunize people even where health care is otherwise nonexistent.

28. The Biotech Revolution Doesn't Stop With the Green Giant

29. Dangerous bacteria can be genetically programmed to target and kill cancer cells.

30. Genetically Engineered Cancer Drugs (Endostatin) Blood Vessels in Healthy Tissue Blood Vessels in Cancerous Tissue Endostatin starves cancers by preventing the growth of new blood vessels.

31. Endostatin Treated Untreated

32. Cloning

33. Cloned Goats Produce Human Anti-thrombin III in their Milk (To Treat Coagulation Disease)

34. Transgenic Goat Chromosomes Blue dots are Human Anti-Thrombin III Genes on Goat Chromosomes

35. When will WE be Cloned?

36. Clones Already Walk Among Us

37. We have the Technology

38. Embryo Screening

40. The Leading Edge of Genetic Technology

41. Contact Information Phillip B. Danielson University of Denver Department of Biological Sciences 2101 E. Wesley Avenue Rm. 211 Denver, CO 80210 Email: pdaniels@du.edu Tel: (303) 871-3561 Thank you for your attention. Any questions? C’est Fini