1. The Figure of the Dictator in Latin American Literature By: Emily Henke and Sarit Gluz

2. Characteristics of the Latin American Dictator Men with military experience Rise to power through coup d’etats Long periods of power Violence key in the retention of power and authority over public Controls the rights of the population Controls government branches (judicial, congress) Government controlled press Controls trade and unions

3. Dictators in Latin America Juan Manuel Rosas – Argentina –1835-1852 Porfirio Diaz- Mexico –1880-1911 Rafael Leónidas Trujillo- Dominican Republic –1930-1961 Gustavo Pinilla- Colombia –1953-1957 Augusto Pinochet- Chile –1974-1990

4. Juan Manuel de Rosas 1835-1852 Before Rosas, Argentina faced war and instability. Rosas promised stability, order and equality. During the Rosas regime, “ The Era of Terror”, clashes between los Federales and los Unitarios. Implemented repressive organizations: –La Sociedad Popular Restaurador –La Mazorca Authors: Echevarria, Sarmiento

5. The Slaughterhouse El matadero Written in 1837 by Esteban Echeverría (1805-1851) of Argentina Published 30 years after Echeverría’s death A political allegory against Rosas: A young man with liberal tendencies is brutally murdered by thugs in a Buenos Aires slaughterhouse. Highlights conflict between Latin American liberals and conservatives.

6. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo 1930-1961 After gaining power, Trujillo created a secret police force that tortured and murdered those opposed to his rule. Nicknamed “El Chivo” Remained in power with the help of the CIA and the backing of American senators, representatives and others who accepted bribes from the dictator. Authors: Vargas Llosa

7. The Feast of the Goat La fiesta del chivo Written in 2000 by Mario Vargas Llosa (1936- ) of Peru Narrates the end of the Trujillo regime and the beginning of a brutal democracy in the Dominican Republic of the 1960s. Portrays Trujillo’s terrorization of the nation, but also depicts the conspiracy and revolution that ultimately led to his demise. Gives voice to Trujillo and his victims.

8. Gustavo Pinilla 1953-1957 Gained power after a military coup against Laureano Gomez Began as a populist leader, but lost support when promises could not be kept and he was reluctant to give up power Forced out of office by a military junta in 1957 Authors: Garcia Marquez

9. The Autumn of the Patriarch El otoño del patriarca Written in 1975 by Gabriel García Marquez (1927- ) of Colombia Garcia Marquez’s dictator is widely believed to be a composite character based on the dictators Marquez encountered in his lifetime. The composite character is principally influenced by Gustavo Pinilla of Colombia. Portrays a dying tyrant with the dreamlike style and symbolic descriptions classic of Garcia Marquez.

10. The President El señor presidente Written in 1946 by Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974) of Guatemala Takes place in an unnamed Latin American country usually assumed to be Guatemala Uses satire and surrealistic dream sequences to portray a totalitarian regime and the psychological toll it takes on a society. Asturias aims to “reflect the voice of the people, gathering their myths and popular beliefs and at the same time seeking to give birth to a universal consciousness of Latin American problems.”

11. Augusto Pinochet 1974-1990 In a military coup, seized control of Chile from socialist president Salvador Allende Pinochet headed a military regime Tortured and murdered over 3,000 Allende supporters and forced countless others into exile Charges with human rights abuses Authors: Isabel Allende

12. Of Love and Shadows De amor y de sombra Written by Isabel Allende in 1987 A love story with underlying political themes Surrounds the Chilean political history of dictatorship and military control. Concerns the political crimes committed in Chile – disappearances, torture, murder Alludes to the Pinochet regime– shows parallel between the fictional and real political situation

13. Bibliography "Augusto Pinochet." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 8 Mar. 2007. Chang-Rodriguez, Eugenio. Latinoamerica: Su Civilizacion Y Su Cultura. 3rd ed. Boston: Thomson Heinle, 2000 Garganigo, John, Rene De Costa, Ben Heller, Alessandra Luiselli, Georgina Sabat-Rivers, and Elzbieta Sklodowska. Huellas De Las Literaturas Hispanoamericanas. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. Knopf. "Of Love and Shadows." Isabel Allende. 1987. 8 Mar. 2007 Moses, Michael Valdez. "Big Daddy:the Dictator Novel and the Liberation of Latin America." Reason (2002). 8 Mar. 2007